Abstract
As the early COVID-19 outbreak sparked xenophobia against people of Asian and Chinese background, we collected data from Chinese migrants worldwide to test how discrimination at a macro-level was perceived by the Chinese during COVID-19 globally. Specifically, we examined (1) whether/how the Chinese migrants were aware of discrimination against their co-nationals during COVID; (2) if so, whether anger was a predominant reaction of these Chinese towards certain exposure to relevant information; (3) how responses of anger transcend across the group of Chinese migrants. Integrating the ecological approach to media and cultural psychology, as well as the intergroup perspective of social psychology, we conducted a study that explored the impact of traditional media exposure to discrimination on collective anger—a process mediated by national identity among the Chinese migrants. Findings provide some evidence that geographically dispersed mono-cultural groups may share or identify with collective emotions when facing xenophobic threats in a macro context. Further examination of cultural distance (between China and the host country) among the Chinese migrants also revealed a particular interaction between host newspaper coverage and cultural distance on national identity. These findings suggest further research to examine the emotional norms of similar cultures bonded via strong collective identities in times of intergroup threat and the theoretical possibility for diasporic identity processes.
Highlights
The COVID-19 pandemic sparked xenophobia and discrimination, against individuals of Asian and Chinese backgrounds [1,2,3]
Anger among Chinese migrants amid COVID-19 discrimination assigned to each participant based on the number of ethnic reports we found for each country (M = 49.81, SD = 53.375)
As has been explained in the previous part, we first adopted an inductive approach based on a self-report multiple-choice question to find out the potential sources of information from which the Chinese migrants became aware of anti-Chinese discrimination during early COVID-19
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic sparked xenophobia and discrimination, against individuals of Asian and Chinese backgrounds [1,2,3]. As the novel SARS-CoV-2 was first noted. Anger among Chinese migrants amid COVID-19 discrimination and erupted in China in early 2020 and developed into a global pandemic, Chinese living abroad experienced racial stereotyping threats, usually associating them with the deadly pathogen [4, 5]. In the UK, there were more than 260 cases of hate crimes against Chinese people noted between January and March 2020, almost three times that of the previous two years [6]. Recent research has investigated this phenomenon in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic [7,8,9]. Little is known about the affective orientation of those who face discrimination on the collective level
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