Aneurysmal Subarachnoid and Spinal Hemorrhage Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract

A 42-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), positive lupus anticoagulant, elevated titers of IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibody and β2 glycoprotein antibodies, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia presented with menorrhagia and anemia. She received both platelet and red cell transfusions and had an unrevealing endometrial biopsy. She was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for autoimmune-mediated thrombocytopenia and was taking hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice daily that was a home medication. She was started on prednisone 60 mg daily. During her hospitalization, she developed a sudden, severe, sharp, and pounding occipital and nuchal headache with sharp shooting pains radiating down the back of the neck. She was alert and oriented with normal cranial nerve function, motor strength, and sensation. Her headache was unsuccessfully treated with fioricet and acetaminophen. The day after headache onset, a noncontrast head computed tomography revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) extending from the interpeduncular fossa caudally to the cervicomedullary junction (Figure 1). Computed tomographic angiogram of the head and neck revealed a focal left vertebral artery stenosis with poststenotic aneurysmal dilation of the intradural (V4) segment. There were additional multifocal areas of beading and long tapered vessel narrowing involving the M2 division of the left middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral arteries and M3 division of the right middle cerebral artery (Figure 1). Magnetic resonance brain demonstrated multifocal but posteriorly predominant T2 hyperintense lesions that resembled posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (Figure 2). Conventional angiogram confirmed the global small and medium vessel vasculopathy with a left V4 vertebral artery fusiform aneurysm measuring 10.6 mm×5.5 mm distal to the origin of the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (Figure 2). Figure 1. Lupus-associated central nervous system vasculitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A , Computed tomographic (CT) head demonstrating perimedullary SAH (black arrow). B , CT angiogram demonstrating focal stenosis of the intracranial …