Anesthetic concerns in patients with hyper-reactive airways

Abstract

Hyperreactive airway disease occurs due to acute viral or bacterial infections in children, and due to chronic bronchitis, Asthma or Emphysema in adults. Smoking and exposure to allergens may worsen the disease. Anaesthesia in these patients is associated with higher incidence of perioperative bronchospasm, postoperative laryngospam, breath holding, and hypoxia due to maldistribution of Ventilation and Perfusion. Smoking and exposure to allergens may worsen the outcome. Severe bronchospasm is a life threatening emergency. Selective β2 agonists form the main drug of choice for bronchospasm. Corticosteroids should be given early to reduce inflammation and mucosal oedema. For anaesthesia, Propofol, Vecuronium or Rocuronium, Halothane or Sevoflurane and Fentanyl are drugs of choice. Histamine releasing drugs like morphine and atracurium should be avoided. If ventilator support is required, Non invasive Pressure Support ventilation should be used first. However, Intubation and mechanical ventilation may become necessary, which however, may be associated with difficult weaning.