Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the anesthetic quality produced by ketamine hydrochloride (K) (3 mg/kg, I.V.) and ketamine–propofol (K-P) mixture (2 mg/kg-1 mg/kg, I.V., respectively) in six donkeys premedicated with xylazine (X), (1 mg/kg, I.V.). Each donkey was anesthetized one time with each dose of (K) and (K-P), five minutes after (X) administration, in random order at (1) week intervals. The anesthetic parameters; induction and sleeping time, abolishment of the swallowing reflex, recumbencey period, cardiopulmonary responses, were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. The results revealed presence of significant difference (p< 0.05) in the induction and sleeping time between (K) and (K-P) protocols. Neither the swallowing reflex, nor recumbency period represented statistical difference between (K) and (K-P) protocols. But clinically, anesthesia with (K-P) produced shorter and smoother recovery to recumbency than with (K), and the swallowing reflex was abolished while persisted with (K) anesthesia. The excellent anesthesia produced with K-P was characterized by smooth, calm, gradual and free of excitement induction (23.75±1.75 sec), good narcosis (22.50±3.57 minutes) and muscle relaxation. The swallowing reflex was abolished for (15.75±5.61 minutes). The recumbency period was characteristically smooth and featured by its rapidness (10.50±2.62 minutes). While on the other hand, induction of anesthesia with (K) protocol was characterized by rough, slow and excitement (56.25±8.44 sec), muscle rigidity, and persistence of the swallowing reflex (not disappeared or slightly disappeared). The shorter sleeping time (10.5±0.95 minutes) and the longer recumbencey (14.75±2.28 minutes) periods that was associated with violent convulsion and excitement, were clinically an obvious associate with (K) anesthesia. The intubations with (K-P) anesthetic protocol was easily performed, but was difficult or failed during (K) anesthesia.In conclusion, anesthesia with (K-P) protocol produced an excellent anesthetic mixture for induction of general anesthesia in donkeys, and up to our knowledge this the first report on the use of this mixture for total intravenous anesthesia in donkeys.
Highlights
The dissocative drug, ketamine [dl-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2- cyclohexanone hydrochloride] [1], have an undesirable central nervous system excitatory property during their use in equines [2]
The quality of anesthesia with both protocol was assessed by an expert anesthetist and the following parameters was monitored; the time of the induction; quality of induction; sleeping time; return of swallowing reflex; recovery periods from anesthesia was determined by achievement of the periods from the time of head movement to sternal recumbency period until the animal could stand unaided; the quality of recovery and the quality of plane of anesthesia was determined by the assessment to the degree of muscle relaxation, and the incidence of side effects
The mixture of (K-P) was made the orotracheal intubations very easy, while in (K), the orotracheal intubations was extremely difficult; time consuming and needs a good physical efforts, otherwise failed. Off course this condition is due to the well known side effect of ketamine that cause muscle rigidity which lead to closure of the jaws [1, 7,8,9]
Summary
The dissocative drug, ketamine [dl-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2- (methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride] [1], have an undesirable central nervous system excitatory property during their use in equines [2]. Ketamine (ketalar®, vetalar®) can be used in donkeys and mules for short procedures at (2-3 mg/kg); increase ketamine above (3.3 mg/kg) has been associated with rough recoveries (3 and 4) It produce profound analgesia without muscle relaxation and tonic-clonic spasms of limb muscles may occurred even in the absence of surgical or other stimulation. The drug characterized by a virtual lack of any cumulative effect and by rapid recovery after its administration in bolus doses or by continuous infusion and it has action without excitatory side effects (1, 5, and 6). Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent with a desirable pharmacokinetic profile in horse, i.e., rapid onset of action, short duration of anesthesia and prompt recovery, even following continuous infusion or supplementary dose administration. Pre-medication with either xylazine or detomidine improved the quality of anesthesia produced by a single bolus of propofol [2, 7]
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