Anesthesia for Laparoscopy with Emphasis on Outpatient Laparoscopy

Abstract

Laparoscopy has developed extremely rapidly and is currently applicable to virtually every surgical subspecialty. Most of the experience is with gynecologic laparoscopy, which has been performed for many years. Some of these procedures are simple and brief, with minimal gas insufflation. In these cases, respiratory compromise is limited, and spontaneous ventilation appears acceptable. Such procedures therefore can be performed with the patient under local or regional anesthesia, or using the LMA with general anesthesia, because the risk of aspiration is small. As laparoscopy has developed, more prolonged operations have become possible, but these normally require general anesthesia, controlled ventilation, and tracheal intubation. More sophisticated laparoscopic surgery has reduced postoperative morbidity, shortened hospital stays, and moved many procedures into the outpatient arena. These newer laparoscopic operations present many challenges, especially in the provision of adequate analgesia and the minimization of PONV. Analgesia should be multimodal, using local anesthesia and NSAIDs as first-line therapy. This combination may be sufficient for more minor procedures, and the elimination of opioids helps to reduce PONV. For more extensive operations, opioids also are required, but should not be the mainstay of analgesia. PONV should be treated effectively whenever it occurs, with consideration given to the use of prophylactic antiemetics in especially high-risk groups. Laparoscopic surgery clearly offers significant advantages in many cases. Although this technology can make some procedures technically possible on an outpatient basis, the morbidity following operations such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considerable. The ever-greater cost savings from the expansion of outpatient surgery is being achieved at the expense of patient discomfort and dissatisfaction. Extended care (23 h) could be a better option in some circumstances. The future will see further developments in laparoscopic surgery. Microlaparoscopy permits simple procedures to be performed with minimal analgesia and sedation in an office setting. At present, this technology allows only diagnostic and minor operative procedures, the stage at which conventional laparoscopy was in the early 1980s. Further developments in optical fibers could reduce the requirements for general anesthesia for other operations and substantially reduce postoperative morbidity. Until then, laparoscopy continues to present many challenges.