Abstract
Sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens, play an important role in autonomic, reproductive and sexual behavior. The areas that are important in these behaviors lie within the spinal cord and brainstem. Relevant dysfunctional behavior in patients with altered androgen availability or androgen receptor sensitivity might be explained by the distribution of androgens and their receptors in the central nervous system. We hypothesize that autonomic dysfunction is correlated with the androgen sensitivity of spinal cord and brainstem areas responsible for autonomic functions. In this study, androgen receptor immunoreactive (AR‐IR) nuclei in the spinal cord and brainstem were studied using the androgen receptor antibody PG21 in four uncastrated young adult male cats. A dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei was detected in the superior layers of the dorsal horn, including lamina I. Intensely stained nuclei, but less densely distributed, were found in lamina X and preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cells of the intermediolateral cell column. Areas in the caudal brainstem showing a high density of AR‐IR nuclei included the area postrema, the dorsal motor vagus nucleus and the retrotrapezoid nucleus. More cranially, the central linear nucleus in the pons contained a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei. The mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) showed a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei apart from the most central part of the PAG directly adjacent to the ependymal lining. Other areas in the mesencephalon with a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei were the dorsal raphe nucleus, the retrorubral nucleus, the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. It is concluded that AR‐IR nuclei are located in specific areas of the central nervous system that are involved in the control of sensory function and autonomic behavior. Furthermore, damage of these AR‐IR areas might explain related dysfunction in humans.
Highlights
Androgens play an important role in autonomic, reproductive, and sexual behavior (Cunningham et al, 2012; Santi et al, 2018)
In the spinal cord of the cat the most dense distribution of androgen receptor immunoreactive (AR-IR) nuclei was observed in the dorsal horn, which is involved in sensory processing
Androgen receptor expression was more pronounced in supraspinal areas
Summary
Androgens play an important role in autonomic, reproductive, and sexual behavior (Cunningham et al, 2012; Santi et al, 2018). Relevant dysfunctional behavior in patients can be due to an altered availability of androgens in the central nervous system This can be caused by androgen deprivation therapy, androgen insensitivity syndrome, hypogonadism, Kennedy's disease, and many other causes. It is diagnosed according to the guideline of the European Association of Urology when signs and symptoms of androgen deficiency occur together with consistently low serum testosterone levels (Dohle et al, 2019). We hypothesize that autonomic dysfunction in patients with altered levels of androgens is correlated with the androgen sensitivity of spinal cord and brainstem areas that are responsible for autonomic functions. It is, important to expand the knowledge on the androgen receptor distribution within these areas of the central nervous system
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