Abstract
Androgen receptors (ARs) play a critical role in the development of prostate cancer. Targeting ARs results in important salutary effects in this malignancy. Despite mounting evidence that ARs also participate in the pathogenesis and/or progression of diverse tumors, exploring the impact of hormonal manipulation of these receptors has not been widely pursued beyond prostate cancer. This review describes patterns of AR expression in a spectrum of cancers, and the potential to exploit this knowledge in the clinical therapeutic setting.
Highlights
Treatments targeting androgen receptors (ARs) have demonstrated efficacy in patients with prostate cancer
Subsequent therapies were added to the hormonal armamentarium including, but not limited to, bicalutamide, a competitive www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist; flutamide, a non-steroidal anti-androgen; and luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone (LHRH) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) [25]
Gn-RH is a hypothalamic decapeptide that governs the synthesis of pituitary LH; synthetic GnRH analogues were initially developed to treat infertility in cases of endogenous Gn-RH deficiency
Summary
Treatments targeting androgen receptors (ARs) have demonstrated efficacy in patients with prostate cancer. Despite a wealth of reports indicating that ARs may contribute to the growth and/or progression of numerous other malignancies, their precise role in cancers beyond those of the prostate is poorly understood. The aim of this review is to illuminate current data in the literature regarding the expression and functional impact of ARs in a range of solid tumors (Table 1), and to discuss the therapeutic implications of AR positivity
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