Androgen receptor, a possible anti-infective therapy target and a potent immune respondent in SARS-CoV-2 spike binding: a computational approach

Abstract

Background Although androgen in gender disparity of COVID-19 has been implied, no direct link has been provided. Research design and methods Here, we applied AlphaFold multimer, bioinformatics of network pharmacology analysis, and singe cells sequencing database reanalysis to highlight specificity of Androgen receptor (AR) against Spike receptor binding protein (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. Results Our data suggest that the LXXL motifs in Spike RBD are essential for AR binding. RBD LXXA mutation complex with the AR depicting slightly reduced binding energy, as LXXLL motif usually mediates nuclear receptor binding to coregulators. Moreover, AR preferred to bind a LYRL motif in specificity and interaction interface showed a lower binding ability in Omicron than in other variants (alpha, beta, gamma and delta). Importantly, RBD LYRL motif is a conserved antigenic epitope (9 residues) for T-cell response. Network analysis of AR related genes against COVID-19 database found T-cell signaling regulation, and CD8+ T cell spatial location in AR+ single cells, which is consistent with the AR binding motif LYRL in epitope function. Conclusions We provided the potent mechanisms of AR binding to RBD through LYRL linking to immune response and vaccination shift. AR could be an anti-infective therapy target for anti-Omicron new lineages.