Abstract
The terms androgen deficiency, testosterone-deficiency syndrome and male hypogonadism have been used interchangeably. It is a clinical condition affecting a significant number of men in the US and worldwide, and is under-recognized and under-treated. The prevalence of low testosterone levels is higher in certain disease states, as specified by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), the Endocrine Society, International Society of Andrology (ISA), International Society for the Study of the Aging Male (ISSAM), European Association of Urology (EAU), European Academy of Andrology (EAA) and American Society of Andrology (ASA). Initial signs and symptoms of low testosterone may include diminished energy, low libido and erectile dysfunction. Adequate testosterone levels are necessary for symptom resolution and positive effects on body composition, bone mineral density, mood, well-being, libido and sexual function.
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