Andean-type orogeny in the Himalayas of south Tibet: Implications for early Paleozoic tectonics along the Indian margin of Gondwana

Abstract

The granitic gneisses in the cores of north Himalayan gneiss domes (NHGD) and at the crest of the high Himalayas form part of the greater Himalayan crystalline complex (GHC). These rocks are characterized by the assemblage of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, muscovite and minor garnet. Here we present results from LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating of six granitic gneiss samples, which reveal formation ages of ca. 500–473Ma and suggest a long-lived magmatism during early Paleozoic in the GHC. Geochemical data show that these rocks are characterized by high SiO2 (70.93–74.59wt.%), K2O (4.22–5.91wt.%), A/CNK values (>1.1) and low Na2O/K2O (0.42–0.83), and enrichment in Rb, Th, U, depletion in Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, Zr, and strong negative Eu anomalies. These features suggest that the protoliths of the gneisses are high potassium calc-alkaline and peraluminous S-type granites derived from partial melting of crustal materials. The high initial 87Sr/86Sr (>0.706) and negative εNd(t) (−6.2 to −10.6) of the granitic gneisses compare with those of the metasedimentary rocks in the GHC, indicating that the granites were generated from partial melting of the sedimentary protoliths. Based on the geochronological, whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data presented in this study, we suggest that the granites formed in a back-arc setting with a continental arc-affinity related to the subduction of the Proto-Tethyan Oceanic lithosphere. The mafic magmatic underplating, triggered by the subduction, rollback and the break off of Proto-Tethyan Ocean slab, resulted in partial melting of the crust in the GHC. Integrating results from previous studies, we propose an Andean-type orogeny along the margin of the Gondwana.