Abstract
Abstract In the ancient world of the Greeks and Romans, the idea of philosophy as a way of life had its fullest and clearest development in Stoicism. ‘Ancient Stoicism and modern life’ provides an overview of Stoicism’s major figures. The Stoic school was founded by Zeno in the late 4th century bce. His students, Cleanthes and Aristo, developed different interpretations of Stoic philosophy—Large Stoicism and Minimal Stoicism, respectively. However, it is the work of much later writers—Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius—that is accessible today. The application of Stoicism to modern life by French philosopher Pierre Hadot and American fighter pilot James Stockdale is also considered.
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