Ancient Divergence in the Trans-Oceanic Deep-Sea Shark Centroscymnus crepidater

Regina L Cunha,Celine Madeira,Sergio Stefanni,Ilaria Coscia,Stefano Mariani,Rita Castilho

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049196

Abstract

Unravelling the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns of deep-sea sharks is particularly challenging given the inherent difficulty in obtaining samples. The deep-sea shark Centroscymnus crepidater is a medium-sized benthopelagic species that exhibits a circumglobal distribution occurring both in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Contrary to the wealth of phylogeographic studies focused on coastal sharks, the genetic structure of bathyal species remains largely unexplored. We used a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region, and microsatellite data, to examine genetic structure in C. crepidater collected from the Atlantic Ocean, Tasman Sea, and southern Pacific Ocean (Chatham Rise). Two deeply divergent (3.1%) mtDNA clades were recovered, with one clade including both Atlantic and Pacific specimens, and the other composed of Atlantic samples with a single specimen from the Pacific (Chatham Rise). Bayesian analyses estimated this splitting in the Miocene at about 15 million years ago. The ancestral C. crepidater lineage was probably widely distributed in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The oceanic cooling observed during the Miocene due to an Antarctic glaciation and the Tethys closure caused changes in environmental conditions that presumably restricted gene flow between basins. Fluctuations in food resources in the Southern Ocean might have promoted the dispersal of C. crepidater throughout the northern Atlantic where habitat conditions were more suitable during the Miocene. The significant genetic structure revealed by microsatellite data suggests the existence of present-day barriers to gene flow between the Atlantic and Pacific populations most likely due to the influence of the Agulhas Current retroflection on prey movements.

Highlights

The paucity of data on deep-sea sharks due to the intrinsic difficulty in obtaining samples, have hampered our understanding of the genetic structure of the species inhabiting these remote environments
We used two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers to assess if the reconstructed phylogenetic patterns were congruent
Results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) between the two oceans (Atlantic and Pacific) using mtDNA sequence data indicate absence of genetic structure, with most of the variation allocated within sites (Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

The paucity of data on deep-sea sharks due to the intrinsic difficulty in obtaining samples, have hampered our understanding of the genetic structure of the species inhabiting these remote environments. Dispersal in elasmobranchs is mostly determined by the swimming ability of juveniles and adults, as they have no pelagic larvae. Vagility increases with body size and tends to be higher in pelagic or benthopelagic oceanic species, whereas benthic and coastal species often exhibit low dispersal abilities [1]. Large oceanic elasmobranchs are expected to exhibit low levels of genetic differentiation across vast stretches of the open ocean whereas smaller benthic species may display stronger genetic differentiation. While there is a relatively large number of phylogeographic studies focused on coastal sharks [2,3,4,5], the patterns of genetic structure of deep-sea species remain virtually unknown (but see [6] for a recent study on the population structure of a deep-water squaloid shark)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion