Abstract
An important consideration in regeneration therapy is the fact that the tissue surrounding an organ supports its function. Understanding the structure of the periosteum can contribute to more effective bone regeneration therapy. As a cellular source, the periosteum also assists bone growth and fracture healing; this further necessitates its direct contact with the bone. However, its anchoring strength appears to be inexplicably stronger than expected. In this study, we used focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope tomography to investigate ultrathin serial sections as well as the three dimensional ultrastructure of the periosteum to clarify the architecture of its anchoring strength, as such assessments are challenging using conventional methods. We discovered perforating fibres that arise from the bone surface at 30 degree angles. Additionally, the fibres across the osteoblast layer were frequently interconnected to form a net-like structure. Fibroblast processes were observed extending into the perforating fibres; their morphologies were distinct from those of typical fibroblasts. Thus, our study revealed novel ultrastructures of the periosteum that support anchorage and serve as a cellular source as well as a mechanical stress transmitter.
Highlights
An important consideration in regeneration therapy is the fact that the tissue surrounding an organ supports its function
Numerous basic studies and clinical applications describing the periosteum as a cellular source have been reported[1,2,3,4,5]
In serial cross-sectioning with FIB/SEM tomography, the collagen bundle of the perforating fibre passes between the cambial layers and perforates the bone at the periosteum (Figs 3, 4)
Summary
An important consideration in regeneration therapy is the fact that the tissue surrounding an organ supports its function. Because organ functions involve biological cooperation with the surrounding tissues and other organs[6,7], understanding the proper structure of the periosteum could potentially contribute to developing more efficacious bone regeneration modalities. The periosteum attaches to the bone via distinct collagen bundles, which are perforating fibres, that connect calcified bone matrices and other organs. These fibres are sometime referred as Sharpey’s fibres, this term is much more frequently applied to connections between hard tissues such as the periodontal ligament and skeletal sutures[12,13,14,15]. Organization of the point where the connecting fibre meets the fibrous layer are unclear, we focused on the ultrastructural architecture of these distinct fibres, which we refer to as “perforating fibres” in this report
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