Anatomy and clinical significance of the horizontal cleft in the infrapatellar fat pad of the knee: MR imaging.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and nature of a horizontal cleft in the posterior aspect of Hoffa's infrapatellar fat pad and to show pathologic processes involving this cleft. Fifty consecutive MR imaging examinations of the knee were evaluated for the presence and appearance of a cleft in the infrapatellar fat pad. Examples of abnormalities involving the cleft were collected from additional MR studies. MR imaging, gross dissection, and histologic examination of a cadaveric knee were also performed to evaluate the anatomy and histology of the cleft. The cleft in the infrapatellar fat pad was revealed on MR imaging in 45 of 50 knees and had a variable shape, either linear (82%), pipe-shaped (7%), or globular-shaped (11%). Joint effusion or anterior cruciate ligament tear did not affect the appearance of the cleft. The cleft was located anterior to the distal insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament on the tibia. At gross dissection of the cadaveric knee, the roof of the cleft was formed by the ligamentum mucosum (infrapatellar plica), and the cleft was lined with synovium. The prospective evaluation of additional MR imaging examinations of the knee revealed pathologic entities of the cleft such as ganglion cysts, loose bodies, nodular synovitis, and amyloid. A horizontal cleft located in the posterior aspect of the infrapatellar fat pad is a common and normal MR imaging finding with a prevalence of 90%. The horizontal cleft is lined with synovium and its roof is formed by the ligamentum mucosum (infrapatellar plica). This cleft communicates with the knee joint. A distended cleft can form a prominent recess mimicking pathologic processes; conversely, disorders can arise in the cleft.