Anatomical variability of the relationship between the sympathetic trunk and the intercostal veins during thoracoscopic sympathectomy

Abstract

• The article investigates the anatomical variations in venous blood flow on the right and left sides of the second, third, and fourth intercostal spaces in the chest. • The effects of TS were studied in 80 patients with palmar, axillary, plantar, and facial hyperhidrosis. • Surgical procedures involving the right-sided sympathetic trunk may have increased risks due to its anatomical complexity and a higher frequency of dilated and full-blooded anterior crossing intercostal veins.