Abstract
Introduction: The endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approach (EETPA), with or without the endoscopic-assisted sublabial anterior transmaxillary approach (ESTA), has become increasingly utilized for lesions posterior to the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF), including infratemporal fossa (ITF), lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus, Meckel's cave, petrous apex, parapharyngeal space. Although several cadaveric studies have further refined this relatively new technique, most offer a general anatomical overview of the approach, without providing a step-by-step description. The main goal of this study is to develop an educational resource to learn the steps of the EETPA for trainees.
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