Abstract
The masseter is the most targeted muscle when treating hypertrophy to produce a smooth face shape. Compensatory hypertrophy is a well known clinical sequela that occurs in botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatments and is limited to the lower part of the masseter. Based on the masseteric hypertrophy procedure, which targets a confined area, we predicted the possibility of compensatory hypertrophy occurring in the upper part of the masseter. If the patient complains about an unexpected result, additional injections must be performed, but the involved anatomical structures have not been revealed yet. The aim of this study was to identify the morphological patterns of the masseter. Deep tendons were observed in most specimens of the upper part of the masseter and mostly appeared in a continuous pattern (69.7%). The superficial and deep tendons could be classified into a simply connected form and forms surrounding part of the muscle. In 45.5% of cases there were tendon capsules that completely enclosed the muscle, which can interfere with how the injected toxin spreads. Interdigitation patterns in which the tendons could be identified independently between the muscles were present in 9.1% of cases. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge for use when injecting BoNT into the masseter.
Highlights
The masseter is a powerful masticatory muscle involved in closing the jaw [1,2]
This muscle has been reported to be more developed in Asians than in Caucasians, and its hypertrophy is typically alleviated by performing botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections [3,4]
BoNT treatment can reduce alleviated by performing botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections [3,4]
Summary
The masseter is a powerful masticatory muscle involved in closing the jaw [1,2] This muscle has been reported to be more developed in Asians than in Caucasians, and its hypertrophy is typically. 2 of is a powerful masticatory muscle involved in closing the jaw [1,2] This muscle has been reported to be more developed in Asians than in Caucasians, and its hypertrophy is typically alleviated by performing botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections [3,4]. BoNT treatment can reduce the volume of the muscle to smooth the face shape when the masseter appears too prominent [5,6,7,8,9,10].
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