Anatase-Rutile phase transition of Ca@TiO2 nanostructures for the removal of environmental pollutants under visible photon illumination

Abstract

Regulating the crystalline structure of titanium dioxide is essential granting the potential purposes for oxide. In the present investigation, we employed X-ray diffraction to investigate the significance of calcium doping on the anatase–rutile transition of phase. Preparation of Calcium-doped TiO2 by sonochemical approach, followed by sintering at 700 °C temperatureencompasses a phase transition. The inclusion of calcium into the TiO2 lattice was hampered by the calcium ion's greater radius when contrasted to the titanium ion. Ca@TiO2 nanostructures exhibited a reduced estimated band gap energy compared to pristine TiO2. The Ca2+ substitutesinto the TiO2 surface were demonstrated by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral investigation. By conducting photocatalytic decomposition of persisting Congo red (CR) dye during visible photonradiation exposure, the photocatalytic effectiveness of the produced Ca@TiO2 nanostructures was examined. Ca@TiO2 nanostructures have been discovered to have more catalytic capability than pristine TiO2 nanoparticles. In 4 h of exposure duration with the Ca@TiO2 nanostructures, the maximal degradation of the CR dye, or 88 %, was accomplished with efficient regeneration.