Abstract
The osseointegration of titanium implants is allowed by the TiO2 layer that covers the implants. Titania can exist in amorphous form or in three different crystalline conformations: anatase, rutile and brookite. Few studies have characterized TiO2 covering the surface of dental implants from the crystalline point of view. The aim of the present study was to characterize the evolution of the TiO2 layer following different surface treatments from a crystallographic point of view. Commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V implants subjected to different surface treatments were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the crystalline conformation of titania. The surface treatments evaluated were: machining, sandblasting, sandblasting and etching and sandblasting, etching and anodization. The anodizing treatment evaluated in this study allowed to obtain anatase on commercially pure titanium implants without altering the morphological characteristics of the surface.
Highlights
Ever since it was proposed by Brånemark in the 1960s [1], titanium has been considered the best material for the production of endosseous anchorages and dental implants, it is not the only one [2,3,4]
In this work we, have studied by Raman microscopy the crystalline ordering of implant surfaces depending on starting material and surface machining and treatments commonly used for dental implants
Regardless of starting material, titanium-alloy or commercially pure titanium, the increase in the complexity of the surface treatments determines an increase in the thickness of titania on the surface of the implants
Summary
Ever since it was proposed by Brånemark in the 1960s [1], titanium has been considered the best material for the production of endosseous anchorages and dental implants, it is not the only one [2,3,4]. Titanium dental implants have demonstrated high survival and success rates in both the short and long term [5,6]. The biocompatibility, passivation, and chemical resistance characteristics of the rapidly forming titania (TiO2 ) layer on the metallic bulk are the basis of the clinical success of the titanium implants [3,7,8,9]. The TiO2 layer has a thickness of between 3 and 40 nm on dental implants [10]. The native TiO2 formed during normal ambient conditions on Ti is amorphous if there is no additional treatment. In addition to the amorphous phase, three different crystalline polymorphs of titania exist naturally, namely anatase, rutile, and brookite, with the last being rarely reported [11,12,13]
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