Abstract
The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase is the culmination of mitosis and one of the most strikingly beautiful examples of cellular movement. It consists of two distinct processes: Anaphase A, the movement of chromosomes toward spindle poles via shortening of the connecting fibers, and anaphase B, separation of the two poles from one another via spindle elongation. I focus here on anaphase A chromosome-to-pole movement. The chapter begins by summarizing classical observations of chromosome movements, which support the current understanding of anaphase mechanisms. Live cell fluorescence microscopy studies showed that poleward chromosome movement is associated with disassembly of the kinetochore-attached microtubule fibers that link chromosomes to poles. Microtubule-marking techniques established that kinetochore-fiber disassembly often occurs through loss of tubulin subunits from the kinetochore-attached plus ends. In addition, kinetochore-fiber disassembly in many cells occurs partly through ‘flux’, where the microtubules flow continuously toward the poles and tubulin subunits are lost from minus ends. Molecular mechanistic models for how load-bearing attachments are maintained to disassembling microtubule ends, and how the forces are generated to drive these disassembly-coupled movements, are discussed.
Highlights
Introduction and Distinction between Anaphase “A” and “B”. In his classic 1961 volume on cell division, Daniel Mazia referred to anaphase as the act of chromosome movement that gives mitosis its meaning [1] (p. 95)
Reflecting in on anaphase tend to move in straight paths toward the spindle poles, while the chromosome these ‘rag-doll’ like movements, Mazia famously compared the role of chromosomes in mitosisarms, to following kinetochores, swing and trace out complex paths
Poleward microtubule flux contributes to anaphase A chromosome-to-pole motion in many organisms (Table 1)
Summary
In his classic 1961 volume on cell division, Daniel Mazia referred to anaphase as the act of chromosome movement that gives mitosis its meaning [1] (p. 95). The onset of anaphase is one of the most abrupt events of mitosis, making it cytologically useful as a reference for the timing of other mitotic events. It is one of the most strikingly beautiful examples of cellular movement. This chapter begins with a description of chromosome movements during anaphase, which have. Earlier description the spindle, another pillar of our modern phases of mitosis butchapter is mostisobvious during anaphase. What roles are played by microtubule-based motor proteins and by the earlier phases of mitosis but is most obvious during anaphase. Evidence that are the played microtubules convert chemicalmotor energyproteins into mechanical drive anaphase themselves?. Centromeres and Kinetochores Usually Lead Anaphase Movements While Chromosome Arms
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