Abstract
BackgroundHidden curriculum (HC) is considered as unintended learning experiences in medical education (ME). This may include values, norms, beliefs, skills, and knowledge which could potentially influence learning outcomes. HC has key components that must be identified and considered properly by individuals and organizations involved in ME.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the main components of hidden curriculum in medical education (HCME) and the interrelationships among them.MethodsIn this mixed-method study initially we performed a scoping review and determined the main components of HCME using qualitative content analysis approach. Then, the interrelationships among these components were investigated using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM).ResultsTen key components for HCME were identified in scoping review. We classified them into four main categories including structural, educational, cultural, and social factors. The ISM analysis revealed that organizational rules and structure, dominant culture of educational environments, teaching and assessment approaches, as well as clinical and educational physical setting were the independent or driving factors. While, social components were dependent and influenced by basic components.ConclusionThe ISM model indicated that role modeling behaviors and interpersonal relationships (social factors) are under influence of underlying organizational and educational factors. These results should be considered at all stages of educational management including planning process, implementation of the programs, and development of formal curricula. According to the importance of contextual factors, components of HC must be analyzed and interpreted based on the specific conditions of each educational institution.
Highlights
Hidden curriculum (HC) is considered as unintended learning experiences in medical education (ME)
These results should be considered at all stages of educational management including planning process, implementation of the programs, and development of formal curricula
Based on the results of the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) model presented in the Fig. 1, the main components of hidden curriculum in medical education (HCME) were classified into 7 levels
Summary
Hidden curriculum (HC) is considered as unintended learning experiences in medical education (ME) This may include values, norms, beliefs, skills, and knowledge which could potentially influence learning outcomes. Learning experiences of medical students’ are not limited to formal curriculum; rather, there are many other factors that are shaping students’ experiences and skills [3] These factors that are known as ‘Hidden Curriculum’ (HC) includes a set of values, behavioral norms, attitudes, skills, and knowledge that medical students learn implicitly [4]. HC could determine various aspects of students’ future clinical practice [7] such as medical professionalism [8, 9], and medical competency [10] This has a significant impact on their ethical performance in relation to the patients [11, 12]
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