Abstract
The usage of a smartphone while driving has been declared a global portent and has been admitted as a leading cause of crashes and accidents. Numerous solutions, such as Android Auto and CarPlay, are used to facilitate for the drivers by minimizing driver distractions. However, these solutions restrict smartphone usage, which is impractical in real driving scenarios. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the available solutions to identify issues in smartphone activities. We have used empirical evaluation and dataset-based evaluation to investigate the issues in the existing smartphone user interfaces. The results show that using smartphones while driving can disrupt normal driving and may lead to change the steering wheel abruptly, focus off the road, and increases cognitive load, which could collectively result in a devastating situation. To justify the arguments, we have conducted an empirical study by collecting data using maxed mode survey, i.e., questionnaires and interviews from 98 drivers. The results show that existing smartphone-based solutions are least suitable due to numerous issues (e.g., complex and rich interfaces, redundant and time-consuming activities, requiring much visual and mental attention, and contextual constraints), making their effectiveness less viable for the drivers. Based on findings obtained from Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) models, it is recommended that the interactions between the drivers and smartphone could be minimized by developing context-aware adaptive user interfaces to overcome the chances of accidents.
Highlights
According to the world health organization, road accidents are the ninth leading cause of death and are expected to become seventh by 2030. [1]
Phone calling, and emailing activities performed on Smartphone Native Interfaces (SNI) showed higher scales
It has been reported that operating smartphones via Voice Interfaces (VI) may increase cognitive overload
Summary
According to the world health organization, road accidents are the ninth leading cause of death and are expected to become seventh by 2030. [1]. According to the world health organization, road accidents are the ninth leading cause of death and are expected to become seventh by 2030. More than one million deaths and 50 million damages are caused due to road crashes [1, 2]. E main reason for this depredation is the driver repeated engagements in nondriving activities [1, 3]. Driver engagements with nondriving or distracting activities caused 25% of crashes reported to the police [4]. Ese distractions disturb the normal driving activity and interrupt the drivers’ attention, leading to accidents [4, 5]. According to the National Safety Council, it has been reported that 1.6 million accidents and 0.39 million deaths were caused by smartphone usage [11].
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