Abstract
Abstract Pilot reports from special turbulence-reporting periods were used to investigate methods of analyzing and forecasting clear-air turbulence over the United States. Meteorological analyses for the special reporting periods were made objectively by computer using only standard upper air rawinsonde measurements. The wind analyses were built upward from the 400-mb level to the 200-mb level using thermal wind shears to compensate for missing wind data in high-speed portions of the flow. The best meteorological indicators of turbulence were found to be the vertical vector wind shear and the product of wind shear and horizontal deformation. To a somewhat lesser extent, large gradients of relative humidity (at the 400-mb level) and large magnitudes of divergence also tended to be associated with turbulent regions. Turbulence analyses based on both meteorological relationships and pilot reports were made. These analyses are in terms of the probability of encountering significant turbulence (moderate or sev...
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