Abstract
The development of bioactive coatings for orthopedic implants has been of great interest in recent years in order to achieve both early- and long-term osseointegration. Numerous bioactive materials have been investigated for this purpose, along with loading coatings with therapeutic agents (active compounds) that are released into the surrounding media in a controlled manner after surgery. This review initially focuses on the importance and usefulness of characterization techniques for bioactive coatings, allowing the detailed evaluation of coating properties and further improvements. Various advanced analytical techniques that have been used to characterize the structure, interactions, and morphology of the designed bioactive coatings are comprehensively described by means of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 3D tomography, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), coating adhesion, and contact angle (CA) measurements. Secondly, the design of controlled-release systems, the determination of drug release kinetics, and recent advances in drug release from bioactive coatings are addressed as the evaluation thereof is crucial for improving the synthesis parameters in designing optimal bioactive coatings.
Highlights
The demand for orthopedic surgery is increasing with the aging of the population.Joint replacement due to osteoarthritis is one of the most commonly performed orthopedic procedures
Cell biology, and pharmacology have facilitated the rapid development of novel bioactive coatings for orthopedic implants with the aim of promoting bone ingrowth into predominantly biologically inert implants
It should be emphasized that mechanically stable, biocompatible, antimicrobial, anticorrosive, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive coatings have already been produced through the careful selection of coating materials, drugs, and coating deposition techniques
Summary
The demand for orthopedic surgery is increasing with the aging of the population. Joint replacement due to osteoarthritis is one of the most commonly performed orthopedic procedures. Drug-eluting porous implants and biodegradable implants that degrade over time and are replaced by healthy body tissue have attracted considerable interest [8,9] Another relatively simple approach leading to successful osseointegration and long-term stability can be achieved by coating implants with bioactive coatings that eliminate implant biological inertness and promote tissue–implant bonding at the interface [10,11,12,13,14,15]. Ideal bioactive coatings have the following properties: osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity [4], biocompatibility, an anti-inflammatory response [16], antimicrobial activity [17,18], corrosion mitigation, as well as suitable mechanical properties [19] They can be composed of bioactive materials; various polymers [20], hydroxyapatite (HA) [21], calcium phosphate (CaP), titania nanotubes (TNTs) [22], carbon nanomaterials [23], etc.; they can contain active substances that are released from their structure into the local environment [20]. The aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss and critically evaluate recent advances in two segments of the characterization of bioactive coatings: (1) characterization techniques used to obtain interaction and morphology data, and (2) in vitro drug release testing, which is essential for optimizing controlled release formulations to achieve the desired release kinetics
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