Abstract
Patients whose with facial appearance involves dental anomalies and malocclusion face an increased prevalence of various psychosocial problems such as a high level of social anxiety, social avoidance, and low quality of life. This study investigates the patients with craniofacial anomalies and their psychological adjustment concerning the facial and dental appearance. It also evaluates the expectations of this patient group from the orthodontic treatment. Two steps were done in this study. In the first step, translation and validation of the Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59), The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), and Patient Expectation from the Orthodontic Treatment (PEOTQ) questionnaires into Maithili were done, and then the main study was conducted using these valid questionnaires. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on the patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies visiting the orthodontics department of Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna (Bihar). All the patients received the Maithili DAS, Maithili PIDAQ and Patients' Expectation from the orthodontic treatment questionnaires. The Maithili version of DAS59, PIDAQ and PEOTQ were developed with outstanding reliability and validity. A significant difference between PIDAQ (p<0.001) and DAS59 scores (p<0.001) was found. In females, the total PIDAQ score was significantly higher as compared to males, but there was no association of DAS scores with gender. Place of residence showed no association with PIDAQ and DAS59 scores in patients. Patients and controls had significant differences between various items, and a comparison was made in terms of expectation from the orthodontic treatment. Altered facial and dental appearance in patients with craniofacial anomalies showed a significant psychological impact.
Highlights
A craniofacial malformation results in a serious impairment of the normal anatomy of the skull, jaws, and the adjacent soft tissues and is an anomaly of embryonic development [1]
This study found a significant psychological impact of altered facial and dental appearance in patients with craniofacial anomalies
A significant psychological impact of dental appearance was seen in females
Summary
A craniofacial malformation results in a serious impairment of the normal anatomy of the skull, jaws, and the adjacent soft tissues and is an anomaly of embryonic development [1] These are the anomalies of head and face that interfere with the physical and mental wellbeing of the individual [2]. The craniofacial structures are largely derived from the neural crest cells, a transient group of multipotent cells specified along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, delaminated from the neural tube via an epithelial-mesenchymal transition [3]. These cells migrate in streams along specific body segments and subsequently differentiate under the guide of many signaling pathways throughout their journey. The migration of cranial neural crest cells is influenced by their physical contact with one another [3]
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