Abstract
In this work, an analytical model of the frequency shift experienced by an optical signal passing through a traveling wave modulating channel is derived. The model starts from the well-known coupled-mode theory but holds for an arbitrary temporal envelope of the optical signal and for any time dependence of the slowly varying modulating field; it provides an analytical and accurate explanation of various effects such as those due to losses or microwave-optical group velocity mismatch. The practical example of a modulated optical Gaussian pulse is provided.
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