Abstract
In this paper, an analytical protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of phthalates (di-methyl phthalate DMP, di-ethyl phthalate DEP, di-isobutyl phthalate DiBP, di-n-butyl phthalate DBP, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate DNOP) and bisphenol A (BPA). The extraction technique used was the ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME). The method involves analyte extraction using 75 µL of benzene and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). The method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible with a limit of detection (LOD) below 13 ng g−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) below 22 ng g−1 and the intra- and inter-day errors below 7.2 and 9.3, respectively. The method developed and validated was applied to six honey samples (i.e., four single-use commercial ones and two home-made ones. Some phthalates were found in the samples at concentrations below the specific migration limits (SMLs). Furthermore, the commercial samples were subjected to two different thermal stresses (24 h and 48 h at 40 °C) for evidence of the release of plastic from the containers. An increase in the phthalate concentrations was observed, especially during the first phase of the shock, but the levels were still within the limits of the regulations.
Highlights
In recent years, the goal of researchers in the field of analytical chemistry has been both to develop really sensitive analytical protocols, and, and above all, simplify analyses considering very important factors such as time and cost
The main idea is to use miniaturized analytical techniques for reducing the costs whereas, with regard to the time factor, efforts are being made to develop techniques that accelerate the sample treatment. It has passed from liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [1] to a solid-phase extraction (SPE) [2,3] up to developing a new technique, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), which uses very few quantities of solvents when compared to those of the LLE and which eliminates the problems connected with the SPE [4]
An experimental analytical method was developed for the determination of PAEs and bisphenol A (BPA) from plastic containers inside which honey is contained
Summary
The goal of researchers in the field of analytical chemistry has been both to develop really sensitive analytical protocols, and, and above all, simplify analyses considering very important factors such as time and cost. The main idea is to use miniaturized analytical techniques for reducing the costs whereas, with regard to the time factor, efforts are being made to develop techniques that accelerate the sample treatment. Over the years, it has passed from liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [1] to a solid-phase extraction (SPE) [2,3] up to developing a new technique, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), which uses very few quantities of solvents when compared to those of the LLE and which eliminates the problems connected with the SPE [4]. Rapid operation, low solvent consumption, and a modest request for instrumentation, it has spread widely in the analytical field [6,7]
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