Abstract
The development of 4D structures is challenging because material properties, printing parameters, structure design and activation procedure influence shape transformation. Current simulation approaches demand good knowledge in simulations and these influences. Therefore, their usage is challenging for beginners and non-experts. Our aim is to make 4D printing simulations more accessible. The approach is divided into an experimental part, to identify simulation parameters, and a numerical FEM part, to simulate the transformation. Our results show, a change of printing angle, can be predicted accurately. However, geometric upscaling will lead to significant deviations between simulation and experiments. Lastly, different transformations produced by two Prusai3 MK3S with identical g–code show the necessity of a fast and simple parameter identification for 4D structure simulations.
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