Abstract
An analytical model of the Knudsen layer at ablative surfaces has been developed that takes into account the temperature gradient in the bulk gas and rebound of gas particles by the ablative wall back into the gas region. This model uses a bimodal velocity distribution function, which preserves the laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy within the Knudsen layer and converges to the Chapman–Enskog velocity distribution function at the outer boundary of the Knudsen layer. The region of validity of this model and effects of the temperature gradient, diffusive reflection, and specular reflection on the Knudsen layer properties are calculated. Nomenclature a = index for the outer boundary of the Knudsen layer b = index for the inner boundary of the Knudsen layer (for the wall) B �,B u,B �, B u,B � ,B u = calculated constants C1 = normalized flux of particles
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