Abstract
In this research, eight kiwi fruit genotypes (six hardy kiwis (Actinidia arguta and their hybrids), one of Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward,’ and one of Actinidia eriantha ‘Bidan’ were examined and compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Proteins were extracted from lyophilized fruits, flesh with seeds, grinded seeds, and singular seeds and then separated by SDS-PAGE. Matrix similarity and dendrogram was generated using Nei coefficient and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm. Based on protein patterns, Actinidia species were clearly distinguishable, whereas differences between hardy kiwi fruit cultivars were minor or nondetectable. The electrophoretical separations were able to distinguish a half of hardy kiwi fruit cultivars, so cluster analysis revealed a limited number of cultivar groups. Intervarietal polymorphism was low and this affected the results of similarity analysis. One distinct cluster, composed of two pairs of cultivars and identical by protein patterns, was obtained. Cultivars ‘Ananasnaya’ and ‘Weiki,’ according to the morphological description, were similar. Oppositely, ‘M1’ cultivar significantly differed from other hardy kiwi cultivars by densitometrical bands intensity. All examined singular seeds of ‘Ananasnaya’ cultivar possessed identical protein patterns. The protein patterns of ‘Bingo’ and ‘Ananasnaya’ hardy kiwi fruits harvested in 2011 and 2013 were identical. Three weeks storage after harvest did not affect the protein composition of these cultivars. FT-IR and NMR spectrum of hardy kiwi fruits were presented and compared with ‘Hayward’ and ‘Bidan’ and showed slight differences in comparison with the protein profiles. SDS-PAGE is more applicable than FT-IR and NMR for comparison of different kiwi fruit cultivars. The used analytical methods can be applied to any food analysis in order to distinguish the main compounds and to present fingerprints of different cultivars.
Highlights
The genus Actinidia Lindl belongs to Actinidiaceae family and comprises 66 species and 118 taxa
The dendrogram was generated from the similarity values and using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm
SDS-PAGE, which was used for the purpose of distinguishing hardy kiwi fruit varieties, was only partially successful due to low level of polymorphism between cultivars
Summary
The genus Actinidia Lindl belongs to Actinidiaceae family and comprises 66 species and 118 taxa. Based on SGE data, Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram was generated and grouped in different clusters: three A. arguta forms, three A. deliciosa varieties, and one of A. eriantha genotype (Testolin and Ferguson 1997). We were interested to find out whether the quality of protein patterns derived from fruits will be sufficient for grouping kiwi fruit genotypes in clusters, with the use of significantly lower work loading than those used for starch gel electrophoresis (SGE). Any publications that show differences between kiwi species based on the biochemical markers, as an electrophoretical pattern of proteins, suitable for discriminating A. arguta varieties too, are not found. To the best of our knowledge, no results of applying protein markers derived from seeds for distinguishing kiwi fruit cultivars and potentially suitable for evaluation of genetic variation and purity of seed samples do exist. We evaluated the possibility of using the attenuated total reflectance accessory (ATR-FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for comparison of all studied samples (He et al 2007; Anastasiadi et al 2009; Lopez-Sánchez et al 2010; Capitani et al 2013a)
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