Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research was to validate inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for quantitative analysis of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cuprum (Cu), mangan (Mn) and nickel (Ni) in milk products.
 Methods: The heavy metals in milk were determined using ICP-AES at optimized wavelength. The method was validated by assessing several validation parameters which included linearity and range, accuracy, precision and sensitivity expressed by the limit of detection and limit of quantification. The validated method was then used for the analysis of milks commercially available.
 Results: ICP-AES for determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni was linear over a certain concentration range with a coefficient correlation value of>0.997. The limit of quantification values of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni were 0.0047; 0.0050; 0.0066; 0.0061; and 0.0169 µg/ml, respectively. The precision of analytical method exhibited relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 3.18%; 4.17%; 3.05%; 2.93%; and 4.47% during repeatability test and 5.28%; 5.06%; 3.67%; 3.67%; and 11.17% during intermediate precision of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni respectively. The recoveries of these metals assessed using standard addition method were 92.25; 90.88; 102.87; 94.50; and 86.85%, respectively.
 Conclusion: ICP-AES offered a reliable and fast method for the determination of heavy metals in milk products. The developed method could be proposed as an official method for determination of heavy metals in milk products.
Highlights
Milk is one of the most important food products taking into account its protein contents, carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, vitamins and minerals, either macro-minerals like calcium and magnesium or microcomponents such as Fe, Zn and C which are essential to promote the growth and maintenance of human life [1, 2]
Due to the growing environmental pollution caused by the increase of industrial, agricultural and urban emissions, milk and other dairy products contain different amounts of toxic contaminants including heavy metals [4]
Decomposition of the sample is essentially ensured by a common wet digestion procedure, which is performed under the synergistic effects of elevated temperature; heavy metals are stable even in high temperature
Summary
Milk is one of the most important food products taking into account its protein contents, carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, vitamins and minerals, either macro-minerals like calcium and magnesium or microcomponents such as Fe, Zn and C which are essential to promote the growth and maintenance of human life [1, 2]. The regulatory agencies have determined the maximum levels of heavy metals allowable to be present in the products. The heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cuprum (Cu), mangan (Mn) and nickel (Ni) present in high levels resulted some adverse effects on human health because of its cumulative effect. These heavy metals present in milk and other dairy products, even in the low levels, caused metabolic disorders which corresponded to some health problems like heart failure, weakness and cancer. Cd is reported as one of the toxic metals even at low concentrations and is classified as human carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer [5]. The determination of these metals are required to assure the safety of milk and other dairy products
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