Analytical Examination of the Nutritional Status of Drinking Water Resources: A First Case Application in Africa

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Water quality assessment is crucial for public and ecosystem health, yet traditional approaches often overlook the nutritional aspects of drinking water. This study introduces the Drinking Water Nutritional Quality Index (DWNQI) to Africa, presenting its first application in the continent. The research evaluated the nutritional status of drinking water resources in semi-urban areas of Southeast Nigeria, shifting from a contaminant-focused paradigm. Water samples were strategically collected from various drinking water sources. Five key elements (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+) that play crucial roles in both human health and environmental processes were considered. The DWNQI model revealed a concerning nutritional trend, with DWNQI scores ranging from 9.76 to 78.54 (average 32.02). The analysis showed that 73.33% of samples fell within the “Poor” category, 13.33% in “Marginal,” 6.67% in “Fair,” and 6.67% in “Good” categories, with no samples reaching the excellent range, indicating a low nutritional water quality trend in the area. Sensitivity analysis reveal that Mg2+and Ca2+ exerted the most influence on the DWNQI scores for the studied water samples. Removal of Mg2+ from the index resulted in a 23.77% decrease in the average DWNQI score, while removal of Ca2+ led to a 23.42% decrease. Key recommendations include implementing targeted mineral enrichment programs and developing public health initiatives to address potential mineral deficiencies. This research contributes to environmental sustainability and public health by providing a new perspective of water quality, potentially informing water management policies and guiding public health interventions in African settings and beyond.