Abstract
Pesticides are synthetic compounds that may become environmental contaminants through their use and application. The high productivity achieved in the agricultural industry can be credited to the use and application of pesticides by way of pest and insect control. As much as pesticides have a positive impact on the agricultural industry, some disadvantages come with their application in the environment because they are intentionally toxic, and this is more towards non-target organisms. They are grouped into chlorophenols, organochlorines, synthetic pyrethroid, carbamates, and organophosphorus based on their structure. The symptoms of exposure to carbamate (CM) and organophosphates (OP) are similar, although poisoning from CM is of a shorter duration. The analytical evaluation of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in human and environmental matrices are reviewed using suitable extraction and analytical methods.
Highlights
Pesticides and insecticides are a group of compounds that are toxic to pests and insecticides, respectively
A cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique for quantifying pesticides was developed by Chen and Chen (2013), while square-wave voltammetry (SWV) with a boron-doped diamond electrode was used by Svorc et al (2013) to detect nanomolar atrazine levels
solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for the extraction, the obtained recoveries obtained were in the range of 70–110%, with a few exceptions, and the relative standard deviations were less than 8% [63]
Summary
Pesticides and insecticides are a group of compounds that are toxic to pests and insecticides, respectively. Pesticides are used in the agricultural industry to control pests, and it is because of this that there is such high productivity achieved in this industry They are intentionally released into the environment, and this comes with adverse effects in the environment, because they are toxic and often affect non-target organisms [2]. Even though long-term contamination by these pesticides is unlikely, marine animals may be harmed due to run-off after application [10] These compounds are widely used in farming, forestry, parks, and educational facilities to control pests and insects that can act as disease vectors by repelling, preventing, mitigating, and destroying the insects and weeds. Carbamates are used excessively in countries whose major business is agriculture, where pest control is very crucial They are regularly used in place of OP insecticides [7]. The solubilities of OP and CM pesticides differ from solvent to solvent; for example, they are more soluble in organic solvents than in water [14]
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