Abstract
Normality of the plastic strain increment vector to the loading surface is not always observed for granular media. Beginning from a thermodynamic basis and considering only isothermal processes, a series of physically appealing assumptions is employed to increasingly delimit the possible directions of the plastic strain increment vector. The results of the analysis indicate that on certain portions of the loading surface normality should hold while on the remainder, envelopes or fans are possible. Finally, several alternative restrictions are offered which provide a unique stress-strain relation at every point on the loading surface.
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