Abstract
Calprotectin is a calcium binding protein expressed at the inflammatory site by neutrophils and monocytes to activate the innate immune system. Thanks to this unique characteristic, it is a good indicator of local inflammation in chronic inflammatory rheumatism. All of the data highlight the key role that calprotectin plays in the inflammatory process in several inflammatory rheumatism. The value of serum and faecal calprotectin assays has been widely studied in recent years, in particular in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and vasculitis associated with ANCA but also for chronic inflammatory bowel disease. calprotectin has been identified as a powerful biomarker that allows the evaluation and monitoring of the activity of disease but also to predict structural evolution or response to treatment. Calprotectin is also a predictive biomarker of risk relapse. In this review, we discuss the value of calprotectin in chronic inflammatory affections as a diagnostic, potency or prognostic biomarker.
Highlights
Polynuclear neutrophils (PNN) and monocyte / macrophage are the first cells to be recruited to the site of inflammation
All of the data highlight the key role that calprotectin plays in the inflammatory process in several inflammatory rheumatism
The value of serum and faecal calprotectin assays has been widely studied in recent years, in particular in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and vasculitis associated with ANCA and for chronic inflammatory bowel disease. calprotectin has been identified as a powerful biomarker that allows the evaluation and monitoring of the activity of disease and to predict structural evolution or response to treatment
Summary
Polynuclear neutrophils (PNN) and monocyte / macrophage are the first cells to be recruited to the site of inflammation. Their recruitment is active, and is regulated by many factors such as adhesion molecules (selectin, integrin and their ligands) and cell activating factors (chemokines, cytokines and their receptors). Calprotectin plays an important role during the inflammatory response and is a non-injurious biomarker. Calprotectin is mainly expressed in cells of myeloid origin, namely neutrophils and monocytes (40% and 5% of the protein cytosolic content, respectively), as well as in the early stages of differentiation of macrophages. Keratinocytes and epithelial cells can express it in an inflammatory environment. The normality cut-off goes from 10 mg / kg to 50 μg / g 2010: 1st meta-analysis validating the use of calprotectin in the differential diagnosis between IBD and IBS
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