Analytical approach using a chemical equilibrium formula and geochemical modeling for alkalinity measurements of small natural water samples

Abstract

Alkalinity measurements have used spectrophotometric methods to measure concentrations from small samples, especially for HCO3− concentrations in terrestrial water. Nevertheless, the methods still pose challenges such as experimental and calculation complexity, along with the necessity of considering atmospheric CO2 when preparing standard solutions. This study improved theoretical aspects of the spectrophotometric method based on chemical equilibrium equations combined with PHREEQC, yielding a new approach to alkalinity measurement. The differences between the experimentally obtained HCO3− concentration and the calculated value based on the updated chemical equilibrium equation were 0.038–5.4 × 10−6 mg/L. PHREEQC quantified the leaching of atmospheric CO2 into the samples during experimentation. The effect was negligible at 0.01–0.02 mg/L HCO3−. The effect of increased atmospheric CO2 because of human respiration in the laboratory was estimated as 0.05 mg/L HCO3−. These results suggest that the laboratory's experimental and computational steps for atmospheric CO2 correction can be omitted when natural terrestrial water is targeted. We applied our new approach to various terrestrially derived natural waters (limestone cave drip water, hot spring water, fresh submarine groundwater discharge, groundwater, and river water) for simulations at different titration endpoints (pH 4.8 and 4.3). Differences between the values obtained by hydrochloric acid titration of HCO3− concentrations and those calculated using PHREEQC were smaller: less than 1%–7% different concentration for most samples. This study established a method for analyzing small samples of various natural terrestrial waters.