Abstract
Renal hypoxia is generally accepted as a key pathophysiologic event in acute kidney injury of various origins and has also been suggested to play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here we describe step-by-step data analysis protocols for MRI monitoring of renal oxygenation in rodents via the deoxyhemoglobin concentration sensitive MR parameters T2* and T2-a contrast mechanism known as the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect.This chapter describes how to use the analysis tools provided by vendors of animal and clinical MR systems, as well as how to develop an analysis software. Aspects covered are: data quality checks, data exclusion, model fitting, fitting algorithm, starting values, effects of multiecho imaging, and result validation.This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Highlights
The parametric mapping of the transverse relaxation times T2* and T2 has the potential to yield inferences regarding renal oxygenation, since both parameters are sensitive to blood oxygenation [1]
USPIO: Ultra-small Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide, which can be used as intravascular contrast agents dephasing in gradient-echo (GRE) and spin-echo (SE) MR measurements, respectively. Possible sources for this dephasing are magnetic field inhomogeneities ranging from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale, which can be classified with respect to the echo time into microscopic dynamic spin–spin interactions—T2, that is, typically ranging a time span between 1 and 100 ms (Fig. 1) and static mesoscopic interactions—T20
T2* includes the dynamic dephasing effects described by T2 plus the additional effects that are due to static dephasing effects described by T20
Summary
Analysis Protocols for MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation–Sensitive Parameters T2* and T2 in the Kidney. Nuno Louca ̃ o, Pablo Garcıa Polo, Rita G.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
