Analysis, optimization, and testing of a tilt-body aircraft

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This paper proposes a new multidisciplinary design optimization framework for tilt-bodies to obtain the optimal combination of geometry and powertrain, achieving both long endurance and low transition power consumption at a 5 kg takeoff weight. A low-fidelity vortex lattice method is used to derive the aerodynamic coefficients. The tandem wings are trimmed using an optimization-based method, considering the effect of distributed propulsion on the trim solution through aero-propulsive interaction at low flight speed. Detailed powertrain parameters are fitted with fewer design variables to calculate power consumption. By analyzing the unique constraints of tilt-bodies, the optimization problem is established as a simultaneous analysis and design architecture, and solved with different numbers of rotors. The impact of the relative geometric relationship between the front and rear wings on aerodynamic performance and constraints is analyzed. Results demonstrate the full angle-of-attack flight capability of tilt-bodies. The optimal design can save nearly 1000 W in transition, with a pure cruise endurance of over 1 hour, which is competitive among other configurations. With an empty weight of only 2 kg, a portion of the battery can be allocated to a heavier payload. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics corrects the errors of the vortex lattice method on non-lifting components, including the fuselage, nacelles, and landing gear. Finally, the feasibility of the optimal design and the accuracy of the framework are validated by wind tunnel tests and in-flight drag measurements on a test platform.