Analysis on The Economic and Environmental Benefits of Intelligent Factory with Photovoltaic and Energy Storage

Mitigating Curtailment and Carbon Emissions through Load Migration between Data Centers

This paper investigates the stability of photovoltaic(PV) and battery energy storage systems integrated to weak grid. In order to analyze the stability issue, a small-signal model of PV and battery energy storage inverter systems connected to the weak grid is established. The effects of output power of PV under the condition of constant power generation of PV and battery energy systems and grid strength on the stability of PV and battery energy storage systems are analyzed. Analysis results show that, with the decrease of grid strength, stability of PV and battery energy storage systems declines, and with the increase of output power of PV, stability of PV and battery energy storage systems declines, too. Finally, the time-domain model of PV and battery energy storage systems connected to the weak grid is built to verify the correctness of the analysis.

As the use of renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles continues to expand in our electricity generation and transportation sectors, demand for energy storage technologies will only grow. Meeting this increased demand will require both technology innovations, but also new ways of thinking about the costs of implementing these technologies. This dissertation examines electrochemical energy storage technologies at multiple phases of the product cycle to assess how to meet some of the challenges associated with widespread adoption of electrochemical energy storage. Using a process-based cost model to identify the factors that contribute most to battery manufacturing cost, I find that economies of scale cost reductions have largely already been achieved. However, changes in cell design parameters can help to lower the per kWh cost of lithium-ion cells. Looking at a use case for energy storage in a hybrid microgrid, I find that both battery chemistry characteristics and technology costs impact the overall performance of hybrid microgrids and the cost of delivering electricity. As more batteries are produced to meet growing demand, the greenhouse gas emissions associated with battery manufacturing and waste disposal will become increasingly important. Using an attributional life cycle analysis, I compare the emissions associated with two different recycling processes: pyrometallurgical recycling and direct cathode recycling. While pyrometallurgical recycling does not offer emissions reductions, direct cathode recycling does have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, even if the cathode recovery process has relatively low yield rates. Using these recovered cathode materials is contingent on a market that will accept these recycled materials. A survey of current electric vehicle owners shows that consumer preferences about battery materials differ depending on whether consumers purchased a plug-in hybrid or an all electric vehicle. Overall, plug-in hybrid vehicle owners seem to have a slightly negative perception of recycled battery materials. For electric vehicle owners that have an all-electric vehicle, there are more diverse preferences, with groups that have positive, negative, and indifferent preferences about the type of battery material used in their vehicle. The heterogeneous preferences of different electric vehicle owners could enable different trends in material recovery and reuse as the number of electric vehicles on the road, and the battery energy storage used for transportation, increase.

Reducing atmospheric pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions of heavy duty trucks by substituting diesel with hydrogen in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Shandong region, China

Combining rooftop solar with energy storage for off-grid residential operation is restrictively expensive. Historically, operating off-grid requires an 'isolated self-consumption' operating strategy where any excess generation is wasted and to ensure reliability you must install costly, polluting generators or a large amount of energy storage. With the advent of Blockchain technology residents can come together and establish transactive microgrids which have two possible operating strategies: Centralized Energy Sharing (CES) and Interconnected Energy Sharing (IES). The CES strategy proposes that all systems combine their photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage systems (ESS) to meet their loads. IES strategy establishes an energy trading system between stand-alone systems which allows buying energy when battery capacity is empty and selling energy when battery capacity is full. Transactive microgrids have been investigated analytically by several sources, none of which consider year-round off-grid operation. A simulation tool was developed through MATLAB for comparing the three operating strategies: isolated self-consumption, CES, and IES. This simulation tool could easily be incorporated into existing software such as HOMER. The effect of several variables on total cost was tested including interconnection type, initial charge, load variability, starting month, number of stand-alone systems, geographic location, and required reliability. It was found that the CES strategy improves initial cost by 7\% to 10\% compared to the baseline (isolated self-consumption) and IES cases in every simulation. The IES case consistently saved money compared to the baseline, just by a very small amount (less than 1\%). Initial charge was investigated for March, July, and November and was only found to have an effect in November. More research should be done to show the effect of initial charge for every month of the year. Load variability had inconsistent results between the two geographic locations studied, Indianapolis and San Antonio. This result would be improved with an improved load simulation which includes peak shifting. The number of systems did not have a demonstrable effect, giving the same cost whether there were 2 systems or 50 involved in the trading strategies. It may be that only one other system is necessary to receive the benefits from a transactive microgrid. Geographic locations studied (Indianapolis, Indiana; Phoenix, Arizona; Little Rock, Arkansas; and Erie, Pennsylvania) showed a large effect on the total cost with Phoenix being considerably cheaper than any other location and Erie having the highest cost. This result was expected due to each geographic location's load and solar radiation profiles. Required reliability showed a consistent and predictable effect with cost going down as the requirement relaxed and more hours of outage were allowed. In order to accomplish off-grid operation with favorable economics it is likely that a system will need to reduce its reliability requirement, adopt energy saving consumption habits, choose a favorable geographic location, and either establish a transactive microgrid or include secondary energy generation and/or storage.

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

In recent years, energy consumption and associated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and their potential effects on the global climate change have been increasing. Climate change and global warming has been the subject of intensive investigation provincially, nationally, and internationally for a number of years. While the complexity of the global climate change remains difficult to predict, it is important to develop a system to measure the amount of GHG released into the environment. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how several methods can accurately estimate the true GHG emission reduction potential from renewable technologies and help achieve the goals set out by the Kyoto Protocol reducing fuel consumption and related GHG emissions, promoting decentralization of electricity supply, and encouraging the use of renewable energy technologies. There are several methods in estimating emission factors from facilities: direct measurement, mass balance, and engineering estimates. Direct measurement involves continuous emission monitoring throughout a given period. Mass balance methods involve the application of conservation equations to a facility, process, or piece of equipment. Emissions are determined from input/output differences as well as from the accumulation and depletion of substances. The engineering method involves the use of engineering principles and knowledge of chemical and physical processes (EnvCan, 2006). In Guler (2008) the method used to estimate emission factors considers only the total amount of fuel and electricity produced from power plants. The previous methodology does not take into consideration the offset cyclical relationship, daily and yearly, between electricity generated by renewable technologies. It should be noted that none of the methods mentioned above include seasonal/daily adjustments to annual emission factors. Specifically, the proposed research would include analyzing existing methods in calculating emission factors and attempt to estimate new emission factors based on the hourly electricity demand for the Province of Ontario. In this Chapter, several GHG emission factor methodology was discussed and compared to newly developed monthly emission factors in order to realize the true CO2 reduction potential for small scale renewable energy technologies. The hourly greenhouse gas emission factors based on hour-by-hour demand of electricity in Ontario, and the average Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (GHGIFA) are estimated by creating a series of emission factors and their corresponding profiles that can be easily incorporated into simulation

The rational allocation of a certain capacity of photovoltaic power generation and energy storage systems(ESS) with charging stations can not only promote the local consumption of renewable energy(RE) generation, but also participate in the energy market through new energy generation systems and ESS for arbitrage. In this paper, a system operation strategy is formulated for the optical storage and charging integrated charging station, and an ESS capacity allocation method is proposed that considers the peak and valley tariff mechanism. First, the system modeling of the photovoltaic storage and charging station is carried out, the topology structure is analyzed and the cost model of photovoltaic power generation and ESS and dispatching is established; second, the energy flow of the photovoltaic storage and charging station is analyzed and the system operation strategy is formulated; then, the optimal model of ESS capacity configuration is established with the goal of obtaining the maximum benefit from the photovoltaic storage and charging station under the peak and valley electricity price environment; finally, the optimal ESS capacity configuration of the photovoltaic storage and charging station is analyzed based on specific cases and the impact of the change of ESS price on the optimal capacity configuration is discussed.

In the context of “carbon neutral”, distributed energy, including photovoltaic power generation and energy storage systems, is developing rapidly. Meanwhile, the new generation of information technology, such as “Cloud computing, Big data, the Internet of things, Mobile Internet, AI, Blockchain”, is driving the digital transformation of the energy industry. Under digital drive, how the agents in the photovoltaic–storage–use value chain collaborate and create value intelligently is a question worthy of deep consideration. Firstly, the value creation mechanism and collaborative process of the digital-driven photovoltaic–storage–use value chain are analyzed from a value intelligence creation perspective. Secondly, the tripartite evolutionary game model of photovoltaic power generator, energy storage provider and user is established. Finally, the influencing factors of digital- driven photovoltaic–storage–use value chain collaboration are explored through a numerical simulation, and management suggestions are put forward. The study finds the following: (1) The behavior choice of each agent in the value chain will affect the decision of other agents. In particular, the photovoltaic power generator has a great influence on the cooperative willingness of other agents. To promote value chain collaboration, the guiding role of the photovoltaic power generator should be fully realized. (2) Agents on the value chain can use a variety of digital technologies to improve enabling benefits, which is conducive to promoting value chain collaboration. (3) The driving costs and potential risks are obstacles for value chain collaboration. Cost reduction and risk prevention are effective ways to improve the willingness of collaboration. (4) Reasonable incentive compensation mechanisms and information asymmetry punishment measures are the keys to enhancing collective willingness. This research provides theoretical support for photovoltaic–storage–use value chain collaboration from a value intelligence creation perspective.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of developments in Korea in relation to its energy consumption and sustainable development policies and progress in achieving its energy targets as given by the Building Energy Codes. Building insulation and passive building technologies are also reviewed for achieving passive house standards by 2017 and zero-energy or near zero-energy buildings (nZEB) by 2025 in Korea, and to identify strategies to further reduce usage of primary energy and to achieve energy efficiency targets. A defining feature of a sustainable building is its ability to reduce significantly its environmental impacts and its embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions over its whole life, including use of natural resources and releases of pollutants, to promote reuse and recycling of materials and sustainable development of buildings whilst ensuring the building satisfy the indoor environmental quality requirements for occupants. Passive technologies include the use of natural ventilation, energy storage such as using phase change materials (PCM) and high thermal mass structure, high energy efficiency windows and lighting and maximizing daylighting and use of renewable energy technologies. Technologies for refurbishment of building envelopes, windows and ventilation systems are reviewed to improve and upgrade the energy efficiency of existing buildings as well as focusing on new builds. The various options for heating, ventilating, cooling and air-conditioning of buildings are also discussed. Green Buildings and Energy Efficiency Labels and Standards should have a pertinent role to affect energy efficiency measures in building developments.

Kupang city is growth rapidly and located in a strategic position between Australia and Timor Leste. A sharp increase of GHG emission along with environmental pollution, contamination of water, air and improper waste disposal practices as its consequence to the global environment. The city's government ambition to evaluate impact of economic activity on greenhouse gases (GHG) emission contribution. This paper outlined pollutant sectors that contribute substantially to GHG emission in Kupang along with its structure, and count an estimated amount of emission coefficients for 27 economy sectors. More in-depth explanation about indirect coefficient pollutant emission which beneficial not only for calculation of the emission amount but more as inventory data for LCA. The paper is investigated review the trends of some priority sectors, then introduction of indirect coefficients of pollutant sectors, and showed the Pollutant Emission Structure for Kupang. After that, an estimated amount of Kupang GHG emission under BAU is also counted and confirmed. The paper only considers GHG emission issues while air pollutant emission only be provided as inventory data but will not be used as exogenous data for this paper. In the final part a brief explanation and implications of GHG emission policy in Kupang are identified. A detailed of input-output data for individual process are provided includes all groups of processes or industry sectors relevant to economy activities in Kupang City. A time period for Global Warming Potential (GWP) 20 year and 100 years are used to forecasted amounts share of total GHG emission in Kupang and Indonesia by 2020 compared to 2010. As results first, the GHG emission and air pollutant coefficients for 27 sectors in Kupang based on method is presented in NIES which use to count the GHG emission. These also become an Inventory data for researchers of regional science in Indonesia, however, geography and socioeconomic conditions in every region is different, so that some criteria will be applied. Second, found total GHG emission in Kupang is $1.0164\mathrm{x} 10^{-3}$ Gt or around 0.047% compared to total GHG emission by 2010 and 0.034% compared to total GHG emission by 2020 in Indonesia. The study suggests to government consider a proper method in decide a reliable environmental policy and technical measures to reach GHG emission targets by 2020. Third, total share of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> e in Indonesia emitted from Kupang for GWP 20 years and 100 years respectively were came out as follow.

Adoption of hydrogen infrastructure and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) to replace gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles has been proposed as a strategy to reduce criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector and transition to fuel independence. However, it is uncertain (1) to what degree the reduction in criteria pollutants will impact urban air quality, and (2) how the reductions in pollutant emissions and concomitant urban air quality impacts compare to ultralow emission gasoline-powered vehicles projected for a future year (e.g., 2060). To address these questions, the present study introduces a "spatially and temporally resolved energy and environment tool" (STREET) to characterize the pollutant and GHG emissions associated with a comprehensive hydrogen supply infrastructure and HFCVs at a high level of geographic and temporal resolution. To demonstrate the utility of STREET, two spatially and temporally resolved scenarios for hydrogen infrastructure are evaluated in a prototypical urban airshed (the South Coast Air Basin of California) using geographic information systems (GIS) data. The well-to-wheels (WTW) GHG emissions are quantified and the air quality is established using a detailed atmospheric chemistry and transport model followed by a comparison to a future gasoline scenario comprised of advanced ICE vehicles. One hydrogen scenario includes more renewable primary energy sources for hydrogen generation and the other includes more fossil fuel sources. The two scenarios encompass a variety of hydrogen generation, distribution, and fueling strategies. GHG emissions reductions range from 61 to 68% for both hydrogen scenarios in parallel with substantial improvements in urban air quality (e.g., reductions of 10 ppb in peak 8-h-averaged ozone and 6 mug/m(3) in 24-h-averaged particulate matter concentrations, particularly in regions of the airshed where concentrations are highest for the gasoline scenario).

Thanks to the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) and the popularization of energy storage, PV energy storage systems have become an important part of modern energy systems due to their clean, efficient and renewable characteristics. To solve the problem of optimal allocation of PV energy storage systems in active distribution networks, this study takes the planning cost as the upper objective, sets the operating cost and voltage deviation as the lower objectives, proposes the voltage stability siting constraints, and establishes an optimization model for the capacity allocation of PV energy storage systems. To balance the operating cost and voltage deviation of the active distribution network, the study proposes the multi-objective red-billed blue-magpie optimizer (MORBO), which analyzes the set of multi-objective solutions of the lower layer model and selects the compromise solution by using meta-heuristic algorithms for the adaptation of complex problems. Four case studies are set up for comparative analysis, and the experiments show that the proposed method improves the performance of the active distribution network through the synergistic effect of PV and energy storage, with a reduction of voltage deviation by 5.01% and network losses by 4.37%. As a result, the results of this research can provide decision support in the configuration of photovoltaic energy storage systems for active distribution networks.

To improve the reliability of photovoltaic (PV) energy storage (PVES) system, the output voltage robust PI controller design criteria and method are proposed in this paper. First, the boost converter with an input capacitor is taken as an example, and its small signal model including the dynamic equivalent circuit of solar cell is built up. Based on this, the stable condition of the PVES system in constant voltage charging (CVC) mode is deduced with Routh stability criterion, which indicates that environmental factors as well as load condition affect the system stability, in deed, by influencing the small signal dynamic resistance r D of diode in solar cell. And, the system stability gets worse with the decrease of r D . Besides, the junction-capacitance of solar cell also has impact on system stability. Hence, the output voltage controller should be designed with r D =0, which means the junction-capacitance is shorted (its effect can be ignored) and the load reaches its minimum value. The controller parameters obtained with this method can ensure the PVES system operate stably throughout the entire variation range of environmental factors as well as charging power. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis has been verified by a 150W prototype.

Comparing CO2 emissions impacts of electricity storage across applications and energy systems