Abstract
The rapid development of renewable energy sources and electricity storage technologies is further driving the change and evolution of traditional energy systems. The aim is to interconnect the different electricity systems between and within countries to ensure greater reliability and flexibility. However, challenges are faced in reaching it, such as the power grid complexity, the system control, voltage fluctuations due to the reverse power flow, equipment overloads, resonance, incorrect island setting, and the diversity of user needs. The electricity grid digitalization in the market also requires the installation of smart devices to enable real-time information exchange between the generator and the user. Inverter-based distributed generation (DG) may be used to control the grid voltage. Smart PV inverters have the capability to supply both inductive and capacitive reactive power to control the voltage at the point of interconnection with the grid, and only technical parameters of smart PV inverters limit this capability. Reactive power control is related to ensuring the quality of voltage in the electricity distribution network and compensating reactive power flows, which is a technical–economic aspect. The goal of this research is to present an analysis of controllers that supply reactive power to the electrical grid via PV systems. This research analyzes recent research on local, centralized, distributed, and decentralized voltage control models in distribution networks. The article compares various approaches and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. The voltage control strategies and methodologies mentioned in the article can serve as a theoretical foundation and provide practical benefits for PV system development in distribution networks. The results of the research show that the local voltage control approach, as well as linear and intelligent controllers, has great potential.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralThe rising demand for electricity, together with cost reduction needs and higher reliability requirements, have led to renewed interest in the distributed generation (DG)principles [1]
Production exchanges can occur across microgrids, but physical transfers are technically regulated by the centralized grid, which must maintain a good overall perspective of the system and guarantee general supply and demand balance
Distributed PV systems integrated into low voltage distribution networks will replace the unidirectional power flow characteristics of the network
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralThe rising demand for electricity, together with cost reduction needs and higher reliability requirements, have led to renewed interest in the distributed generation (DG)principles [1]. The rising demand for electricity, together with cost reduction needs and higher reliability requirements, have led to renewed interest in the distributed generation (DG). The use of photovoltaics (PV) is among the key strategic measures to reduce environmental pollution and overcome the energy crisis, as well as a way to develop active distribution networks and smart grids [2]. With high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), an appropriate online (real-time) control scheme is needed to optimize voltage and reactive power control in active distribution systems (ADS) [3]. A smart grid is an electrical network integrated with various types of generation sources of various magnitude, with information and communication technologies (ICT), and with power electronics devices for better monitoring and control [4,5]. Inverter integration into smart grids can achieve a fuller reactive power control from the transmission system level to the end user one [8]
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