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Abstract
BackgroundThe control of vascular tissue development in plants is influenced by diverse hormonal signals, but their interactions during this process are not well understood. Wild-type sterol profiles are essential for growth, tissue patterning and signalling processes in plant development, and are required for regulated vascular patterning.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere we investigate the roles of sterols in vascular tissue development, through an analysis of the Arabidopsis mutants hydra1 and fackel/hydra2, which are defective in the enzymes sterol isomerase and sterol C-14 reductase respectively. We show that defective vascular patterning in the shoot is associated with ectopic cell divisions. Expression of the auxin-regulated AtHB8 homeobox gene is disrupted in mutant embryos and seedlings, associated with variably incomplete vascular strand formation and duplication of the longitudinal axis. Misexpression of the auxin reporter proIAA2∶GUS and mislocalization of PIN proteins occurs in the mutants. Introduction of the ethylene-insensitive ein2 mutation partially rescues defective cell division, localization of PIN proteins, and vascular strand development.ConclusionsThe results support a model in which sterols are required for correct auxin and ethylene crosstalk to regulate PIN localization, auxin distribution and AtHB8 expression, necessary for correct vascular development.
Highlights
The evolution of vascular tissues has been a critical event in the movement of plants from water to land, and in the construction of the higher plants
The results support a model in which sterols are required for correct auxin and ethylene crosstalk to regulate PIN localization, auxin distribution and AtHB8 expression, necessary for correct vascular development
To investigate the link between sterols, auxin and ethylene in vascular development, we studied these relationships in the sterol biosynthesis mutants hyd1 and fkhyd2
Summary
The evolution of vascular tissues has been a critical event in the movement of plants from water to land, and in the construction of the higher plants. As well as providing mechanical strength, these tissues act as conduits for the transport of water, nutrients, hormones and even small RNA molecules around the plant [1]. Scarpella et al [7] extended this model to suggest that expression domains of the auxin efflux carrier-encoding PINFORMED1 (PIN1) [8] in the epidermis provide positional information for the specification of procambial cells and the positioning of veins in the leaf. The control of vascular tissue development in plants is influenced by diverse hormonal signals, but their interactions during this process are not well understood. Wild-type sterol profiles are essential for growth, tissue patterning and signalling processes in plant development, and are required for regulated vascular patterning
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