Abstract
Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa are mangrove species distributed widely along the Indonesian coasts. Besides their ecological importance, both are of interest owing to their wealth of natural products, some of which constitute potential sources for medicinal applications. We aimed to discover and characterize new anti-infective compounds, based on population-level sampling of both species from across the Indonesian Archipelago. Root metabolites were investigated by TLC, hyphenated LC-MS/MS and isolation, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was used for genetic characterization. Phytochemical characterization of both species revealed an unusual diversity in sulfated constituents with 3,3’,4’-tri-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-sulfate representing the major compound in most samples. None of these compounds was previously reported for mangroves. Chemophenetic comparison of L. racemosa populations from different localities provided evolutionary information, as supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence. Samples of both species from particular locations exhibited anti-bacterial potential (Southern Nias Island and East Java against Gram-negative bacteria, Halmahera and Ternate Island against Gram-positive bacteria). In conclusion, Lumnitzera roots from natural mangrove stands represent a promising source for sulfated ellagic acid derivatives and further sulfur containing plant metabolites with potential human health benefits.
Highlights
Mangrove forests represent a unique habitat that comprises salt-tolerant plant species, predominantly bordering tropical and subtropical coastlines [1]
The metabolite profiles of roots from 12 accessions of Lumnitzera littorea and 19 accessions of L. racemosa collected across Indonesia were investigated by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) (Figure 1) and liquid chromatography, coupled on-line to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-m/z values and tandem mass spectra (MS/MS))
The metabolite profiles of roots from 12 accessions of Lumnitzera littorea and 19 accessions of L. racemosa collected across Indonesia were investigated by TLC (Figure 1) and liquid chromatography, coupled on-line to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass Separations 202s1p, 8e, c82trometry (LC-MS/MS)
Summary
Mangrove forests represent a unique habitat that comprises salt-tolerant plant species (mostly trees), predominantly bordering tropical and subtropical coastlines [1]. Besides their ecological significance, mangrove plant species have a wide variety of economic uses, such as construction material, fodder or textiles [2,3]. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt and L. racemosa Willd., two true mangrove species belonging to the plant family Combretaceae (Myrtales), are distributed widely across the Indonesian coastline. The leaf n-hexane extract of this species yielded triterpenes and sterols [30] whereas the twigs of L. littorea were described to contain macrocyclic lactones (represented by corniculatolide derivatives) and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin [31]
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