Abstract
Geomagnetically induced current (GIC) results in the part-cycle saturation of the transformer core and contributes to a considerable increase of the harmonic components in the transformer currents. Under such conditions, transformer differential protection is expected to be blocked from operation, failing to clear internal short-circuit faults. This paper conducts a detailed analysis of the differential protection performance for various fault types under the GIC conditions. An accurate transformer model, validated by the GIC experimental results, is employed in the time-domain simulations within the EMTP-RV program environment. It is revealed that the GIC makes the differential relay incapable of clearing some internal faults. Moreover, it is shown how some factors, such as the fault resistance, the second harmonic inhibition level, and the transformer loading, affect the relay performance in the GIC conditions. The results highlight the need to modify the differential relay logic in order to prevent irreversible damage to the transformers and improve the power system resiliency and reliability during the GIC. Finally, a potential approach for enhancing the differential protection performance under the GIC conditions is proposed.
Published Version
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