Abstract
Abstract. A rocky granular flow is commonly formed after the failure of rocky bank slopes. An impulse wave disaster may also be initiated if the rocky granular flow rushes into a river with a high velocity. Currently, the granular mass–water body coupling study is an important trend in the field of landslide-induced impulse waves. In this paper, a full coupling numerical model for landslide-induced impulse waves is developed based on a non-coherent granular flow equation, i.e., the Mih equation. In this model, the Mih equation for continuous non-coherent granular flow controls movements of sliding mass, the two-phase flow equation regulates the interaction between sliding mass and water, and the renormalization group (RNG) turbulence model governs the movement of the water body. The proposed model is validated and applied for the 2014 Tangjiaxi landslide of the Zhexi Reservoir located in Hunan Province, China, to analyze the characteristics of both landslide motion and its following impulse waves. On 16 July 2014, a rocky debris flow was formed after the failure of the Tangjiaxi landslide, damming the Tangjiaxi stream and causing an impulse wave disaster with three dead and nine missing bodies. Based on the full coupling numerical analysis, the granular flow impacts the water with a maximum velocity of about 22.5 m s−1. Moreover, the propagation velocity of the generated waves reaches up to 12 m s−1. The maximum calculated run-up of 21.8 m is close enough to the real value of 22.7 m. The predicted landslide final deposit and wave run-up heights are in a good agreement with the field survey data. These facts verify the ability of the proposed model for simulating the real impulse wave generated by rocky granular flow events.
Highlights
Impulse waves are usually generated in reservoirs, rivers, lakes, and seas as rock/soil masses impact water, resulting in huge economic losses and casualties (Wang et al, 1986; Fritz 2001; Scheffers and Kelletat, 2003; Alvarez-Cedrón et al, 2009; Silvia et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2012)
The analytical solutions are derived from extensive sources, such as experimental and empirical formulae, where their application scope is limited to their sources (Kamphuis et al, 1970; Ataie-Ashtiani et al, 2008; Wieland et al, 1999; Ursell et al, 1960; Fritz et al, 2002; Huber and Hager, 1997; Heller, 2007; Yin and Wang, 2008)
Due to the considered simplifications for analytical solutions, it is hard to have an overall grasp of the landslide-induced impulse wave disaster (Heller et al, 2009)
Summary
Impulse waves are usually generated in reservoirs, rivers, lakes, and seas as rock/soil masses impact water, resulting in huge economic losses and casualties (Wang et al, 1986; Fritz 2001; Scheffers and Kelletat, 2003; Alvarez-Cedrón et al, 2009; Silvia et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2012). In the single simulation method for a landslide-induced impulse wave, the phase of landslide movement and granular mass– water body interaction is regarded as the formation of the initial impulse wave, and generally the motion of the sliding mass is considered to the motion of a rigid block. The most applied continuous rheological models so far include the Coulomb model, Herschel–Bulkley model, Bagnold model, and Bingham model (Shakeri Majd and Sanders, 2014; Cremonesi et al, 2011; Yavari-Ramshe and Ataie-Ashtiani, 2016; Xing et al, 2016) Those that describe avalanche, landslide, or debris flow motions in discontinuous medium models are mainly the FEM–discrete element method model (FEM– DEM; Morris et al, 2006; Munjiza, 2004; Li et al, 2015) and DEM model (Smilauer et al, 2010; Brennen, 2005; Utili et al, 2014). The validity of the full coupling model for landslide-induced impulse is checked
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