Abstract
Intake assessment in multicenter trials is challenging, yet important for accurate outcome evaluation. The present study aimed to characterize a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a healthy Nordic diet (HND) compared to a Control diet (CD) by plasma and urine metabolic profiles and to associate them with cardiometabolic markers. During 18-24 weeks of intervention, 200 participants with metabolic syndrome were advised at six centres to eat either HND (e.g. whole-grain products, berries, rapeseed oil, fish and low-fat dairy) or CD while being weight stable. Of these 166/159 completers delivered blood/urine samples. Metabolic profiles of fasting plasma and 24h pooled urine were analysed to identify characteristic diet-related patterns. Principal components analysis (PCA) scores (i.e. PC1 and PC2 scores) were used to test their combined effect on blood glucose response (primary endpoint), serum lipoproteins, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers. The profiles distinguished HND and CD with AUC of 0.96±0.03 and 0.93±0.02 for plasma and urine, respectively, with limited heterogeneity between centers, reflecting markers of key foods. Markers of fish, whole grain and polyunsaturated lipids characterized HND, while CD was reflected by lipids containing palmitoleic acid. The PC1 scores of plasma metabolites characterizing the intervention is associated with HDL (β=0.05; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08; P=0.001) and triglycerides (β=-0.06; 95% CI:-0.09,-0.03; P<0.001). PC2 scores were related with glucose metabolism (2h Glucose, β=0.1; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.15; P<0.001), LDL (β=0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.1; P=0.02) and triglycerides (β=0.11; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.15; P<0.001). For urine, the scores were related with LDL cholesterol. Plasma and urine metabolite profiles from SYSDIET reflected good compliance with dietary recommendations across the region. The scores of metabolites characterizing the diets associated with outcomes related with cardio-metabolic risk. Our analysis therefore offers a novel way to approach a per protocol analysis with a balanced compliance assessment in larger multicentre dietary trials. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with NCT00992641.
Highlights
Observational studies suggest that consumption of diets containing fruits, vegetables, fish, nuts and whole grain reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [1e3]
Observational studies point to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases [12], type 2 diabetes [13] as well as of lower mortality [14] in individuals following the recommendations for a healthy Nordic diet
The healthy Nordic diet (HND) was based on traditional foods originating from Nordic countries providing a nutrient composition in line with the Nordic nutrition recommendations [6] whereas Control diet (CD) was defined by the mean nutrient intake in each of the Nordic countries and CD represents an average Nordic diet
Summary
Observational studies suggest that consumption of diets containing fruits, vegetables, fish, nuts and whole grain reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [1e3]. The present study aimed to characterize a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a healthy Nordic diet (HND) compared to a Control diet (CD) by plasma and urine metabolic profiles and to associate them with cardiometabolic markers. Methods: During 18e24 weeks of intervention, 200 participants with metabolic syndrome were advised at six centres to eat either HND (e.g. whole-grain products, berries, rapeseed oil, fish and low-fat dairy) or CD while being weight stable. Of these 166/159 completers delivered blood/urine samples.
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