Analysis of the Relationships between Balance Ability and Walking in Terms of Muscle Activities and Lower Limb Kinematics and Kinetics

Pathmanathan Cinthuja,Rami J Abboud,Graham Arnold,Weijie Wang

doi:10.3390/biomechanics1020016

Pathmanathan Cinthuja, Rami J Abboud + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1020016

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Abstract

There is a lack of evidence about the ways in which balance ability influences the kinematic and kinetic parameters and muscle activities during gait among healthy individuals. The hypothesis is that balance ability would be associated with the lower limb kinematics, kinetics and muscle activities during gait. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers (Age 32.8 ± 9.1; 18 males and 11 females) performed a Star Excursion Balance test to measure their dynamic balance and walked for at least three trials in order to obtain a good quality of data. A Vicon® 3D motion capture system and AMTI® force plates were used for the collection of the movement data. The selected muscle activities were recorded using Delsys® Electromyography (EMG). The EMG activities were compared using the maximum values and root mean squared (RMS) values within the participants. The joint angle, moment, force and power were calculated using a Vicon Plug-in-Gait model. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 23. In the muscle activities, positive linear correlations were found between the walking and balance test in all muscles, e.g., in the multifidus (RMS) (r = 0.800 p < 0.0001), vastus lateralis (RMS) (r = 0.639, p < 0.0001) and tibialis anterior (RMS) (r = 0.539, p < 0.0001). The regression analysis models showed that there was a strong association between balance ability (i.e., reaching distance) and the lower limb muscle activities (i.e., vastus medialis–RMS) (R = 0.885, p < 0.0001), and also between balance ability (i.e., reaching distance) and the lower limb kinematics and kinetics during gait (R = 0.906, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results showed that vastus medialis (RMS) muscle activity mainly contributes to balance ability, and that balance ability influences the lower limb kinetics and kinematics during gait.

Highlights

Gait is a fundamental functional task, and it is important for functional independence [1]
A descriptive analysis was performed in order to extract demographic and basic details of the participants (Table 1)
The present study examined the association of balance ability with muscle activities and gait biomechanics

Summary

Introduction

Gait is a fundamental functional task, and it is important for functional independence [1]. Gait is defined as a process of loading and unloading weight on the legs during the act of motion [2]. There are many reasons for gait disorders, including orthopedic problems, neurological conditions and medical conditions. Osteoarthritis is one of the causes for gait disorders [3]. Understanding gait characteristics provides the potential for the development of a rehabilitation protocol for degenerative conditions, because gait analysis is a tool to quantitatively describe functional differences for patients [4]. The human gait comprises a qualitative and quantitative component. Gait analysis is performed in a calibrated laboratory or clinical environment, where sensors and force sensors are used in gait analysis

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