Abstract
The article analyses the main stages of the state regulation formation processes that counteract the laundering of funds obtained by criminal means. In 1970, the United States of America (US) started the active fight against the laundering of “dirty” funds. It is proved that the US has the richest experience in counteracting the legalisation (laundering) of the proceeds of crime. In fact, state mechanisms to combat the legalisation of criminal incomes have been established long before the first Anti-Money Laundering (AML) legislations were adopted. The conducted analysis allowed this article to distinguish four key stages of money laundering: The emergence of activities related to laundering of criminal proceeds; Broad money laundering activities of organised crime; the emergence of the concept of “money laundering”; legislative regulation of this problem. The analysis of the legislation of foreign countries made it possible to identify problematic issues of a national character, that the effectiveness of counteraction to this dangerous phenomenon depends on their solution. In turn, it outlines a number of measures that should contribute to this: exchange of foreign currency should be carried out in accordance with clear rules; an electronic money transfer archive must be created; creation of mechanisms for monitoring compliance with international accounting standards; constant exchange of information between special units; continuous updating of information and carrying out of special researches on “money laundering”; adoption of international and national legal acts; creation and implementation of international anti-money laundering programs; introduction of obligations to transfer information to special bodies; strict adherence by individual countries of international standards in the area of combating money laundering; creation and expansion of training programs for the relevant banking professionals, law enforcement agencies, etc.; disclosure of information on the “black” list of countries that indulge in “laundering” of money in their territory. It was emphasized that the issue of control in executive bodies existed and exists in all countries, but has different ways of resolving it. This requires the formation of a new understanding of the system of state financial control, as well as a rethinking of the forms of its implementation, in modern conditions.
Highlights
В свою очередь, определен ряд мер, которые должны способствовать этому: обмен иностранной валюты должен осуществляться по четким правилам; должен быть создан электронный архив международных денежных переводов; создание механизмов контроля за соблюдением международных стандартов бухгалтерского учета; постоянный обмен информацией между специальными подразделениями; постоянное обновление информации и проведение специальных исследований по “отмыванию” денег; принятие международных и национальных нормативно-правовых актов; создание и реализация международных программ противодействия “отмыванию” денег; введение обязательств по передаче информации специальным органам; четкое соблюдение отдельными странами международных стандартов в сфере борьбы с “отмыванием” денег; создание и расширение программы обучения соответ ствующих специалистов банковской сферы, правоохранительных органов и т. д.; обнародование информации относительно “черного” списка стран, которые потакают “отмыванию” денег на своей территории
The money laundering of Al Capone and his criminal empire was limited, by its nature, carried out without taking into account the laws of the financial market, public administration and legislation. This was a mistake that led to the attribution of this infamous subject to criminal liability, according to the results of an investigation conducted by the staff of the United States of America (US) Internal Revenue Service
In the 20–30’s of the 20th century, a system of measures was introduced in the United States aimed at detecting lawful use of cash, money received as a result of the illicit manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, by law enforcement agencies
Summary
У статті проаналізовано основні етапи, процеси формування державного регулювання протидії відмиванню коштів, отриманих злочинним шляхом. Що найбагатший досвід у протидії легалізації (відмивання) доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом, мають Сполучені Штати Америки, оскільки, в 1970 р., саме в цій країні почалися історичні витоки активної боротьби з відмиванням “брудних” коштів. Проведений еволюційний аналіз дав можливість виділити чотири ключові етапи генези відмивання коштів: виникнення дій, пов’язаних із відмиванням злочинних доходів; широке використання організованою злочинністю зазначених дій; виникнення поняття “відмивання грошей”; законодавче регулювання цієї проблеми. Ключові слова: еволюційний аналіз, державне регулювання протидії відмиванню коштів, Сполучені Штати Америки, законодавче регулювання
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