Abstract
Background: Detection of SHOX2 methylation has been used to assist in the early diagnosis of lung cancer in many hospitals as SHOX2 may be important in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. However, there are few studies on the mRNA expression, methylation, and molecular mechanism of SHOX2 in lung cancer. We aimed to explore the role of SHOX2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: First, we examined the differential expression of SHOX2 mRNA and methylation in cancerous and normal tissues using databases. Second, we analyzed the relationship between SHOX2 expression and common clinical parameters in LUAD patients. Third, we further explored the methylated level and its specific location of SHOX2 and the mainly factors of SHOX2 gene expression. Finally, we screened the correlatively expressed genes to analyze the pathways from the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes using DAVID. Results: We found that the mRNA expression of SHOX2 was higher in multiple cancers, including LUAD and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), than in normal tissues. Among LUAD patients, SHOX2 expression was higher in patients of middle–young age, with smoking history, in advanced stages, and with nodal distant metastasis. In addition, our results showed that patients with high expression of SHOX2 are prone to recurrence, poor differentiation, and poor prognosis. Thus, we identified that SHOX2 might be an oncogene for LUAD progression. The main factor influencing the high expression of SHOX2 mRNA may be DNA methylation, followed by copy number variation (CNV), but not by gene mutations in LUAD. Unexpectedly, we found that SHOX2 undergoes hypomethylation in the gene body instead of hypermethylation in the promoter. Additionally, SHOX2 has cross talk in the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway and ECM–receptor interaction. Conclusion: SHOX2 is highly expressed in most cancers. SHOX2 gene expression might be mainly regulated by methylation of its gene body in LUAD, and its high expression or hypomethylation indicates poor differentiation and poor prognosis. SHOX2 could be involved in PI3K–Akt and other important cancer-related signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis.
Highlights
Much progress has been made in the research field of lung cancer occurrence and progression
To determine the expression level of stature homeobox 2 (SHOX2) in various types of tumors, we examined the differential expression of SHOX2 between tumor tissue and paired normal tissue using Oncomine and Gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) online analysis tools
SHOX2 expression was higher in most cancers, including sarcoma, brain and CNS cancer, head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), and lung cancer
Summary
Much progress has been made in the research field of lung cancer occurrence and progression. The alarming statistical results of lung cancer remain mainly attributed to the late detection, late diagnosis, late treatment, and unsatisfactory therapeutic effect. Driver gene alterations are critical in the whole process of tumorigenesis, recurrence, and metastasis. More representative driver genes as biomarkers for accurate early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation and therapeutic targeted molecules could improve treatment efficiency and increase mortality. The identification of these molecular biomarkers for lung cancer is of great clinical significance. Detection of SHOX2 methylation has been used to assist in the early diagnosis of lung cancer in many hospitals as SHOX2 may be important in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. There are few studies on the mRNA expression, methylation, and molecular mechanism of SHOX2 in lung cancer. We aimed to explore the role of SHOX2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)
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