Abstract
The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae has a unique ability to cope with olive flesh, and is the most destructive pest of olives worldwide. Its control has been largely based on the use of chemical insecticides, however, the selection of insecticide resistance against several insecticides has evolved. The study of detoxification mechanisms, which allow the olive fruit fly to defend against insecticides, and/or phytotoxins possibly present in the mesocarp, has been hampered by the lack of genomic information in this species. In the NCBI database less than 1,000 nucleotide sequences have been deposited, with less than 10 detoxification gene homologues in total. We used 454 pyrosequencing to produce, for the first time, a large transcriptome dataset for B. oleae. A total of 482,790 reads were assembled into 14,204 contigs. More than 60% of those contigs (8,630) were larger than 500 base pairs, and almost half of them matched with genes of the order of the Diptera. Analysis of the Gene Ontology (GO) distribution of unique contigs, suggests that, compared to other insects, the assembly is broadly representative for the B. oleae transcriptome. Furthermore, the transcriptome was found to contain 55 P450, 43 GST-, 15 CCE- and 18 ABC transporter-genes. Several of those detoxification genes, may putatively be involved in the ability of the olive fruit fly to deal with xenobiotics, such as plant phytotoxins and insecticides. In summary, our study has generated new data and genomic resources, which will substantially facilitate molecular studies in B. oleae, including elucidation of detoxification mechanisms of xenobiotic, as well as other important aspects of olive fruit fly biology.
Highlights
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of olive orchards worldwide
Target site resistance against spinosad was recently elucidated in the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, where truncated transcripts of nicotinic acetylcholine subunit gene Bda6 were strongly implicated in the phenotype [6]
Detoxifying enzymes (such as cytochrome P450s (P450s), carboxyl/choline esterases (CCEs), and glutathione Stransferases (GSTs) have been associated with B. oleae insecticide resistance phenotypes [3]; the analysis of the mechanism at the molecular level has been hampered by the lack of genomic information and the complexity of detoxification gene families and
Summary
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of olive orchards worldwide. The elucidation of insecticide resistance mechanisms at the molecular level, in light of the development of tools for sustainable control, has been achieved in some cases in B. oleae and closely related Tephritidae species (reviewed in [3]). Target site resistance against spinosad was recently elucidated in the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, where truncated transcripts of nicotinic acetylcholine subunit gene Bda were strongly implicated in the phenotype [6]. Detoxifying enzymes (such as cytochrome P450s (P450s), carboxyl/choline esterases (CCEs), and glutathione Stransferases (GSTs) have been associated with B. oleae insecticide resistance phenotypes [3]; the analysis of the mechanism at the molecular level has been hampered by the lack of genomic information and the complexity of detoxification gene families and
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