Abstract
In this work, we will derive, validate, and analyze the theoretical description of nonlinear Kerr effects resulting from various transmission systems that deploy single or multiple optical phase conjugators (OPCs). We will show that the nonlinear Kerr compensation can be achieved, with various efficiencies, in both lumped and distributed Raman transmission systems. The results show that first order distributed Raman systems are superior to the discretely amplified systems in terms of the nonlinear Kerr compensation efficiency that a mid-link OPC can achieve. Also, we will show that the multi-OPC approach will diminish the nonlinearity compensation efficiency in any system as it will act as periodic dispersion compensators.
Highlights
The analytical modelling of the nonlinear Kerr effect is important to analyze nonlinear noise and its impact on the performance of optical transmission systems [1, 2]
In the extreme case of one optical phase conjugators (OPCs) per span (Nseg = N) the system behaves as a fully dispersion compensated system with a single OPC [Eq (11)] and the total mixing efficiency is higher with an OPC every span than without any.Figure 7 shows an experimental validation of Eq (12), the figure shows the power of the nonlinear mixing product power as a function of frequency separation between two continuous wave (CW) laser propagating through a 2x100km system with an OPC in between the two spans
In addition to a consistent approach, allowing a direct comparison of the various link configurations, we have introduced for the first time generic equations for distributed Raman systems with arbitrary number of OPCs
Summary
The analytical modelling of the nonlinear Kerr effect is important to analyze nonlinear noise and its impact on the performance of optical transmission systems [1, 2]. The analytical model that describes nonlinear Kerr effects resulted in a single span system [3] has provided the basis to derive the analytical models of nonlinear wave mixing generated in discretely amplified multi span (lumped) transmission systems [4,5,6]. In distributed Raman amplified transmission systems, the more complex signal power variation makes the integration of NLSE hard to solve analytically, so numerical integration (over fiber length) is typically required to describe the nonlinear effects [14], and oscillation in the mixing efficiency is still observed [14]. In this paper we analyze optical transmission system that deploy standard single mode fibers (SSMF) since the high dispersion accumulation reduces the nonlinear Kerr efficiency, which makes the dispersion uncompensated SSMF and attractive design choice for long-haul transmission systems. We have studied per-span fully dispersion compensated system to highlight that such systems enhance the nonlinear Kerr efficiency compared to dispersion uncompensated systems
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